Stats Chp. 5 Vocab

Probability

A measure of the likelihood of a random phenomenon or chance behavior

Outcomes

Results of a probability experiment

Law of Large Numbers

As the number of repetitions of a probability experiment increases, the proportion with which a certain outcome is observed gets closer to the probability of the outcome.

Experiment

Any process with uncertain results that can be repeated.

Sample Space

The collection of all possible outcomes

Event

any collection of outcomes from a probability experiment

Probability model

Lists the possible outcomes of a probability experiment and each outcome's probability.

Impossible

the probability of the event is 0

Certainty

the probability of the event is 1

Unusual event

An event that has a low probability of occuring.

Empirical Evidence

Evidence based on the outcomes of a probability experiment.

Equally likely outcomes

When each outcome has the same probability of occurring

Tree diagram

a diagram that shows all the different outcomes of an experiment

Subjective Probability

a probability obtained on the basis of person judgement

Disjoint

two events that have no outcomes in common

Mutually Exclusive

Another name for disjoint events

Venn Diagram

A diagram that pictures events using circles and a rectangle

General Addition Rule

For any two events E and F, P(E or F)=P(E)+P(F)-P(E and F)

Contingency (two way) Table

A table of information that relates two categories of data

Complement

All outcomes in the sample space S that are not outcomes in the event E

Independent

When the occurrence of event E in a probability experiment does not affect the probability of event F.

Dependent

When the occurrence of event E in a probability experiment does affect
the probability of event F.

Conditional Probability

Probability that the event F occurs, given that the event E has occurred

General Multiplication Rule

The probability that 2 events E and F both occur is: P(E
and F) = P(E)�P(F|E)

Multiplication Rule of Counting

If a task consists of a sequence of choices in which there
are p selections for the 1 st choice, q selections for the 2 nd choice, r selections for the 3 rd choice,
and so on, then the task of making these selections can be done in p � q � r � ...different ways.

Factorial Symbol

If n ? 0 is an integer then n! = (n)(n - 1)...3 �2�1

Permutation

An ordered arrangement in which r objects are chosen from n distinct
objects and repetition is not allowed.

Combination

A collection, without regard to order, of n distinct objects without
repetition.