_______ is the proliferation of neurons in the neural tube
neurogenesis
the neural tube begins forming in week 4 of prenatal development; during this time precursor cells create ______ and ____ cells, the building blocks of the brain
neurons and glial
the ___ cortical layers are formed ______
6; inside out
_______ is the formation of new synapses
synaptogenesis
__________ is the elimination of unnecessary or poor connections in order to increase synaptic efficacy
pruning
________ (hills) and ______ (valleys) of the cerebral cortex form after neuronal migration and specialization
gyri and sulci
CSF is produced in the _______ of the _______ system
choroid plexus, ventricular
_____ is the primary energy source of the brain
glucose
______ matter increases until about age 16 then gradually declines; while ____ matter increases throughout adulthood
gray, white
the CNS contains the ____ and the _____, while the PNS contains the autonomic nervous system and the ____ and _____ systems that inform the CNS
brain and spinal cord
sympathetic and parasympathetic
under the skull the meninges are composed of three layers the ____, ____ and the ______ which act to ______ the brain
dura, arachnoid layer, pia mater
cushion/ protect
the _______ divides the anterior and posterior portions of the brain (divides frontal and parietal lobes)
central sulcus (aka Rolandic fissure)
the ___________ divides the inferior and superior portions of the brain (divides parietal and temporal lobes)
sylvian fissure/ lateral fissure
the precentral gyrus is responsible for
motor function/ movement
aka the primary motor cortex
the postcentral gyrus is also called the
primary somatosensory cortex
name three functions the temporal lobes are involved in
language
audition
memory
emotion/ fear
name two functions the parietal lobes are involved in
spatial processing
sensory processing
the ______ divides the left and right hemispheres
interhemispheric fissure
the _____ is involved in social-emotional processing and emotional "gut-feelings
insula
the two hemispheres are connected by the _______
corpus callosum - white matter tracts
the _____ divides the occipital lobe from the other brain areas
calcarine fissure
gray matter is made up of _____, while white matter is made up of _____
cell bodies
axons
the first and second ventricles are called the
lateral ventricles
the ventricles circulate
CSF
why are the ventricles enlarged in patients with Alzheimer's Disease?
as cell bodies die, the ventricles enlarge to fill the space
the _____ system is involved in emotion and personality.
limbic
the limbic system contains several important structures name 5
olfactory bulb
thalamus
hypothalamus
amygdala
hippocampus
fornix
mammilary bodies
cingulate gyrus
the basal ganglia is a set of subcortical structures containing the ______ and the _______ often referred to as the striatum, along with what 3 other structures
caudate and putamen
globus pallidus (internal (medial) and external (lateral) segments)
substantia nigra
subthalamic nucleus
lesions/ damage to the basal ganglia most often results in what type of disorder?
movement
the main function of the thalami is thought to be
a relay station
domain specific information processing
the hypothalamus functions mainly to
control/ regulate hormones and autonomic responses
Wernicke-Korsakoff's syndrome results in damage to the _________
mammilary bodies
the ______ of the brainstem involves sleep wake cycles, consciousness and selective attention
reticular activating system (RAS)
name the three main portions of the brainstem
midbrain
pons
medulla
motor and sensory information cross at the level of the _______
medulla
the cerebellum is responsible for
coordinated motor behavior and balance
proprioception and kinesthetics
postural adjustments
the brain needs a constant supply of ___ and ___
glucose and oxygen
the most common disorder associated with cerebellar damage is
ataxia
the inability to execute purposeful, complex motor acts, despite physical ability, comprehension, and willingness is known as
apraxia
name three types of apraxia/ dyspraxia that may result from damage to the motor system
ideomotor
conceptual
constructional
limb-kinetic
dissociation
the ____ cortex plans motor movements, while the ____ motor cortex initiates the movement
premotor
primary
name the 5 types of somatosensory receptors
mechanical
chemcial
nociceptors
thermoreceptors
proprioceptors
the _______ system is the only system where sensory info is not directly sent to the thalmaus
olfaction - it is sent first to the limbic system
Each body region is represented in different cortical region. These are known as the sensory and motor _____
homunculi
________ is the ability to identify objects by touch; ________ is the absence of this ability
stereognosis
astereognosis
place the terms in order from information entering the eyes going to primary visual cortex: thalamus, optic radiations, optic chiasm, optic nerve, optic tract
optic nerve,
optic chiasm,
optic tract,
thalamus,
optic radiations,
the left and right visual fields are processed ____
contralaterally
visual info is sent to several different brain areas besides V1, one of them, the _________ is thought to be involved in blindsight
superior colliculus
lesions to the optic pathways are known as
anopias/ anopsias
a left upper homonymous quadrantopsia results from damage to the ______ lobe fibers, while a left lower homonymous quadrantopsia results from damage to the ______ lobe fibers
ventral
dorsal
complete color blindness is known as _____ and results from damage to
achromatopsia
V4
the inability to identify objects in motion is known as ____ and results from damage to _____
akinetopsia
V5
the inability to recognize faces is known ____________ as and most likely results from damage to
prosopagnosia
FFA
if the very center of the visual field is unaffected this is known as
foveal preservation
in the auditory system info is sent from the cochlea to the _____ of the thalamus to A1
medial geniculate nucleus MGN
lower tones are represented in the ____ portion of A1 while higher tones are represented in the ____ portion of A1
anterior
posterior