What has professor Scott Wier done?
1. qualitative approach to data collection
2. data = journal entries, OSR's, informal interviews and conversations with psychologists an social workers, guards, and analysis of previous studies and literature, and personal experience with correctional off
a child with both ODD and CD are considered to have?
an ASB (antisocial behavior)
conduct disorder
a form of disruptive behavior disorder in which the child exhibits an early, persistent, and extreme pattern of aggressive and antisocial acts that involve the infliction of pain on others or interference with others' rights through physical and verbal ag
in comparison to ODD what does CD refer to more?
the attitudes of the child rather then their behavior
oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)
the least severe form of disruptive behavior disorder, in which children show an age-inappropriate and persistent pattern of irritable, hostile, oppositional, and defiant behavior
antisocial behavior (conduct problems)
age-inappropriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectations, societal norms, and the personal or property rights of others
what are the important features of antisocial behaviors in the context of development?
- antisocial behaviors vary in severity, from minor disobedience to fighting
- some antisocial behaviors decrease with age (i.e., disobeying at home), whereas others increase with age and opportunity (i.e., hanging around kids who get into trouble)
- anti
According to lecture what were the points of interest in regards to ASB?
- occasional antisocial acts are relatively normal in children
- most antisocial behaviors decline over time
- aggression throughout childhood is very stable over the course of the lifespan (same as IQ)
- antisocial behaviors (CD's) are the most costly me
what percentage of all children does ASB problems occure in?
5%
according to lecture what constitutes a conduct problem?
- acting out/externalizing behavior over an extended period of time
- impulsive, overactive, aggressive, and delinquent behaviors
juvenile delinquency
a legal term that describes children who have broken a law, anything from sneaking into a movie without a ticket to homicide
what is the minimum age of responsibility for a child's delinquent behavior?
12
what is the most common reason youngsters give for carrying a weapon?
self-defense -adaptations to a hostile environment
externalizing behavior
the continuous dimension that conduct problems fall on; includes a mixture of impulsive, overactive, aggressive, and rule-breaking acts
what are the four categories of conduct problems?
- nondestructive (rule-breaking behaviors)
- destructive (aggressive behaviors)
- covert
- overt
nondestructive (rule-breaking behaviors)
include running away, setting fires, stealing, skipping school, using alcohol and drugs, and commiting acts of vabdalism
destructive (aggressive behaviors)
include fighting destructiveness, disobedience, showing off, being defiant, threatening others, and being disruptive at school
overt-covert dimension
ranges from overt visible acts such as fighting to covert hidden acts such as lying or stealing
what are children who display overt antisocial behaviors like?
they tend to be negative, irritable, and resentful in their reactions to hostile situations and to experience higher levels of family conflict
what are children who display covert antisocial behaviors like?
they are less social, more anxious and suspicious of others, and come from homes that provide little family support
what are children who display overt and covert antisocial behaviors like?
most children fall under this; they tend to be in frequent conflict with authority, show the most severe family dysfunction, and have the poorest long-term outcomes
destructive-nondestructive dimension
ranges from acts of cruelty to animals or physical assault to nondestructive behaviors such as arguing or irritability
what does breaking established rules fall under of the externalizing dimension subdivisions?
externalizing-delinquent behaviors
what does damage to persons, property, possessions fall under of the externalizing dimension subdivisions?
externalizing-aggressive behaviors
according to lecture children who exhibit covert behaviors tend to be?
more antisocial, anxious, and suspicious of others
what do children with ASB show?
negative attitudes toward life, excessive irritability, and resentful of others
What are the four cross categories of conduct problems?
- covert-destructive (property violations)
- overt-destructive (aggression)
- covert-nondestructive (status violations)
- overt-nondestructive (oppositional behavior)
which of the for cross categories of conduct problems contain children that are at a high risk for later psychiatric problems and impairment in functioning
children in the over-destructive category
disruptive behavior disorders
persistent patterns of antisocial behavior, represented by the categories of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD); psychiatric perspective defined by DSM symptoms
how does the DSM define ODD?
a pattern of negativistic, hostile, and defiant behavior lasting at least 6 months, during which four (or more) of the following are present:
- often loses temper
- often argues with adults
- often actively defies or refuses to comply with adults' request
among clinci-referred preshoolers from low-income families how many meet the DSM criteria for ODD?
75%
what are several key features of CD?
- children with CD engage in severe antisocial behaviors
- they often have co-occuring problems such as ADHD, academic deficiencies, and poor relations with peers
- their families often use child-rearing practices the contribute to the problem (such as ha
what are the main aggression to people and animals criteria for CDs?
- often bullies, threatens, or intimidates others
- often initiates physical fights
- has used a weapon that can cause serious physical harm to others
- has been physically cruel to people
- has been physically cruel to animals
- has stolen while confront
what are the main destruction of property criteria for CDs?
- has deliberately engaged in fire setting, with the intention of causing serious damage
- has deliberately destroyed others' property
what are the main deceitfulness or theft criteria for CDs?
- has broken into someone else's house, building or car
- often lies to obtain goods or favors or to avoid obligations
- has stolen items of nontrivial value without confronting a victim
what are the main serious violations of rules criteria for CDs?
- often stays out at night despite parental prohibitions, beginning before age 13 years
- has run away from home overnight at least twice while living in parental or parental surrogate home
- is often truant from school, beginning before age 13
what are the four categories that the DSM criteria for conduct disorder can be divided into?
- aggression to people and animals
- destruction of property
- deceitfulness or theft
- serious violations of rules
For CD what does the DSM require?
a reptitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others are violated, as manifested by the presence of three (or more) of the CD criteria in the past 12 months, with at least one criterion present in the past 6 months
childhood-onset conduct disorder
displays at least one symptom of the disorder before the age of 10; generally includes aggression (accounts for a disproportionate amount of illegal activity), more likely to be boys, persists over time (in their antisocial behavior), correlated with high
adolescent-onset conduct disorder
same level of frequency between genders; does not display the severity of psychopathology of childhood onset CD; less likely to commit violent aggressive offenses; less likely to commit violent offenses or continue with their antisocial behavior as they g
What connections can be found between CD and ODD?
- most cases of CD are preceded by ODD
- most children with CD continue to display ODD symptoms
- most children who display ODD do not develop CD
antisocial personality disorder (APD)
a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others, as well as involvement in multiple illegal behaviors
according to lecture what can symptoms of CD and ODD act as a precursor for?
they can act as a precursor of adult antisocial personality disorder/psychopath (without a conscience, deceitful, manipulating, remorseless, callous)
psychopathy
a pattern of callous, manipulative, deceitful, and remorseless behavior
what are some signs of psychopathy in children?
- a lack of conscious
- lack of empathy or embarrassment
callous and unemotional interpersonal styles
lacking in guild, not showing empathy, not showing emotions, and related traits of narcissism and impulsivity
Children who display a callous and unemotional interpersonal style also tend to show what?
behavioral inhibition as reflected in their preference for novel and perilous activities and a diminished sensitivity to cues for danger and punishment when seeking rewards
callous-unemotional traits
- is unconcerned about the feelings of others
- does not feel bad or guilty over misdeeds
- is unconcerned about how well he/she does at school or work
- is not good at keeping promises
- does not show feelings or emotions
- does not keep the same friends
narcissistic traits
- thinks he or she is more important than others
- brags excessively about abilities, accomplishments, or possessions
- uses or "cons" others to get what he/she wants
- can be charming at times, but in ways that seem insincere or superficial
- teases or m
what are the associated characteristics of CP?
1. cognitive and verbal deficits
2. school and learning problems (formal education)
3. self-esteem deficit
4. peer problems
5. family problems
6. health related problems
cognitive and verbal deficits in children with CP
- impaired verbal intelligence in the early grades, prior to the onset of CD behavior
- verbal IQ scores of youth with CD is consistently lower the performance IQ (8 points lower then peers)
- deficits in executive functions may suggest the presence of AD
what kind of interaction is there between verbal impairment factors and family adversity factors?
children with both of these display 4 times as much aggressive behaviors as children with only one factor
school and learning problems (formal education) in children with CP
- poor grades
- held back
- special education placement
- dropouts
- suspension/expulsion
self-esteem deficits in children with CP
- low self-esteem is not the primary cause of conduct disorders or antisocial behavior in general -an unstable/distorted view of the self (over inflated) is what contributes to antisocial behavior
peer problems in children with CP
- friendships with other antisocial behavior peers
- downplays the severity of their own aggression
- absence of empathy -solves problems using violence
- childhood antisocial behavior with deviant peer groups = a strong predictor of conduct disorders in
what has peer rejection shown in regards to CP?
children rejected for a period of 2-3 years by grade 2 are about 5 times more likely than others to display conduct problems later in adolescence
what is a powerful predictor of conduct problems during adolescence?
early antisocial behavior and associating with deviant peers
about how many of recorded youth offenses are in the presence of 2-3 peers?
2/3
what are friendships between antisocial boys like?
abrasive, unstable, of short duration, and not very productive; positive exchanges are compromised by the bossy and coercive behaviors that accompany them
hostile attributional bias
displayed by reactive-aggressive children; they are more likely to attribute negative intent to other children, especially when the intentions of others are unclear
what are proactive-aggressive children more likely to view their aggression as?
they view their aggressive actions as positive, and to value social goals of dominance and revenge rather then affiliation
family problems in children with CP
- dysfunctional families; economically impoverished neighborhoods
- parental psychopathology, family history of antisocial behavior, domestic violence, antisocial family values
- vacillating between extreme and harsh punishment and a lack of supervision/e
what are the two types of family disturbances that are related to conduct problems in children?
- general family disturbances
- specific disturbances in parenting practices and family functioning
general family disturbances
includes parental mental health problems, a family history of antisocial behavior, marital discord, family instability, limited resources, and antisocial family values
specific disturbances in parenting practices and family functioning
includes excessive use of harsh discipline, lack of supervision, lack of emotional support and involvement, and parental disagreement about discipline
health related problems
- personal injuries
- compromised immune system
- more vulnerable to illnesses and disease
- drug abuse and drug overdose
- sexually transmitted behaviors
- premature deaths
what is the rate of premature death due to various causes in boys with conduct problems?
3-4 four times higher then their counterparts
what are accompanying DSM-IV disorders to conduct problems?
- ADHD
- depressive or anxiety disorders
about how many children with CD have ADHD?
50%
what are the possible reasons for the overlap of CD and ADHD?
- shared impulsivity, poor self-regulation, or temperament
- ADHD may be a catalyst for CD
- ADHD may lead to childhood onset of CD
what percentage of youngsters with CPs also receive a diagnosis of depression or anxiety?
50%
what is found in boys that have CP and internalizing problems?
they have poor outcomes in early adulthood (i.e., highest risk of later psychiatric disorders, criminal offences, and self-reported problems)
what is found in girls that have CD?
they develop a depressive or anxiety disorder by early adulthood
what has been found in the relationship between gender and ASB?
- rates of antisocial behavior is 3-4 times greater for boys
- girls are more likely to use indirect and relational forms of aggression
- earliest symptoms of CD in girls is acting out sexually
when are gender differences in the frequency and severity of antisocial behavior evident?
by 2-3 years
how does conduct disorders progress?
- antisocial behavior from an early age
- hyperactivity and 'difficult' temperament
- oppositional and aggressive behavior in the home and the school
- withdrawal
- poor peer relationships
- academic problems
- delinquent behavior in adolescence (covert/c
life-course-persistent (LCP) path
children who engage in aggression and antisocial behavior at an early age and continue to do so into adulthood
what are the two common pathway found across cultures and nations for ASB?
- life-course-persistent path (LCP)
- adolescent limited path (AL)
what are children on the LCP path more at risk of?
1. dropping out of school
2. violent behavior
3. use CD behavior in multiple settings/situations (i.e., home, school, work, concerts, etc.,)
4. criminality as adults
5. psychiatric disorders as adults
6. unemployment
7. problems raising their own children
adolescent-limited (AL) path
youngsters whose antisocial behavior begins around puberty and continues into adolescence, but who later desist from these behaviors during young adulthood
what genetic/neurobiological causes have been seen in CP?
- early indicator of antisocial behaviour = difficult temperament as an infant
- 'reciprocal influence'
- difficult biologically rooted traits in the child may serve as a precipitator for antisocial behavior, and possible development of a conduct disorder
what has been found in maltreated children with MAOA (the neurotransmitter metabolizing enzyme monoamine oxidase-A) and ASB?
children with a genotype related to low-active MAOA are more likely to develop antisocial behavior than maltreated children not having this genotype; low-active MAOA is also associated with brain patterns of arousal in areas of the brain that are associat
what environmental causes have been seen in CP?
- neighborhoods - criminal subculture
- criminal subculture in some schools versus insulating effects of positive school experience
behavioral activation system (BAS)
stimulates behavior in response to signals of reqard or nonpunishment
behavioral inhibition system (BIS)
produces anxiety and inhibits ongoing behavior in the presence of novel events, innate fear stimuli, and signals of nonreward or punishment
reciprocal influences
understanding that the child's behaviour is both influenced by and influences the behavior of others
coercion theory
contends that parent-child interactions provide a training ground for the development of antisocial behavior
what has been found as the "active ingredient" in the link between poverty and antisocial behavior?
instability, residential mobility, and disruptions in parenting practices
amplifier hypothesis
stress amplifies the maladaptive predispositions of parents, thereby disrupting family management practices and compromising parents' ability to be supportive of their children
social selection hypothesis
people who move into different neighborhoods differ before they arrive, and those who remain differ from those who leave
what correlations exist among parental mental health problems and children with CP?
there is a high correlation between antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) on the part of the fathers with children with conduct disorders; and mother tend to have histrionic personality and depression
what media contributions/causes have been seen in CP?
exposure to media violence can be a long term predisposing factor for aggressive behavior
what can exposure to media violence be?
1) a short term precipitating factor for aggressive and violent behavior that results from priming, excitation, or imitation of specific behaviors
2) a long-term predisposing factor for affressive behavior acquired via desensitization to violence and obse
what have studies shown about childhood exposure to media violence in 6 and 9 year-olds?
identification with the aggressive TV characters, and perceived realism of violence predicts serious aggressive and criminal behavior 15 years later
what ethnic factors have been seen in CP?
there is a correlation between children from ethnic minorities and antisocial behavior:
-attributed to low SES and unemployment
what are the two things that treatment of CPs needs?
early intervention/prevention** and ongoing intervention
** is key
what are the different types of treatment for CP?
- parent management training
- cognitive problem solving skills training
- multisystemic treatment
problem-solving skills training (PSST)
focuses on the cognitive deficiencies with conduct problems in interpersonal situations
what are teh cognitive problem solving steps of PSST?
1) what am i supposed to do
2) I have to look at all my possibilities
3) i had better concentrate and focus
4) I need to make a choice
5) I did a good job or I made a mistake