Nutrition
Process of obtaining a proper and balanced diet to support growth, maintenace, and reproduction.
Nutrient
A single food group or groups of the same chemical composition that supports life.
Water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals
What are the 6 nutrient groups?
Protein
CHO
Fats
Energy producing
Water
Vitamins
Minerals
Non energy producing
Wild animals
Eat to satisfy their energy needs
Domestic animals
Rely on owners to obtain nutrient and energy needs
Metabolizable energy
The energy actually available to the animal following digestion and absorption.
Water
Most essential nutrient in the body
Regulate body temperature
Transport nutrients
Carry wastes
Giving body it's form
Water is needed for...
55-65%
90-95%
72-78%
30-40%
Water makes up..
Blood..
Muscle..
Bone..
Drinking, eating moist foods, and metabolic processes
Water is obtained ed from
10-12%
25-40%
72-82%
Dry food
Semi- moist food
Canned food
20-30 ml/lb/day
60 ml/kg/hr
Water requirement?
Develop and repair organs and tissues
Fetal development
Develops antibodies
Transmit DNA
Protein are needed for
Burned for energy
Excess proteins
Animal source proteins contain more eaa's than plant source proteins
Essential and non essential amino acids
Cannot be manufactured by the body and must be supplied by food source. The more present the higher the quality.
Eaa's
Can be produced by the body
Non-eaa's
Dogs: 18% for adult and 22% for pup
Cats: 26% adults and 30% for kittens
Protein requirements
Leads to formation of ammonia (toxic). Liver and kidneys convert ammonia to urea
Breakdown of amino acids
Threonine
Arginine Trytophan
Isoleucine
Valine
Lysine
Phenyalanine
Histidine
Leucine
Methionine
Taurine (cats)
Essential amino acids
Carbohydrates
Contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Support body functions
Thermoregulation
Fat storage
Use of cho
Monosaccharides- glucose, frutose, galactose
Disaccharides- maltose and lactose
Soluble CHO
Polysaccharides-starch,fiber. Used for weight control
Insoluble CHO
Fats
Most concentrated energy source. Triglycerides
Immunity
Thermoregulation
Maintenace of hair and coat
Protection of internal organs
Fats are used for
Saturated
Long carbon chains without double bond
Unsaturated
One or more double bonds
Linoleic acid (dogs, cats)
Linolenic acid (dogs)
Arachidonic acid (cats)
Essential fatty acids
Dogs- adults 5% and pup 8%
Cats- 9%adults and 9% kittens
Fat requirements
Growth
Lactation
Increased physical activity
Fat requirements occur during
Weight gain, diarrhea/const
Pancreatitis
Steatorrhea
Excess fat consumption can cause
Regulating digestion
Blood clotting
Immunity
Energy release
Vitamins are used for
Vitamin E
Primary antioxidant
Require preformed vitamin A, vitamin B- cannot convert the Trytophan to niacin
Cats
Water soluble
B vitamins and vitamin c. Not stored in the body. Deficiencies may occur with polyuria/polydipsia, diarrhea, GI disorders
Fat soluble
Vitamins A, D, E, and K. May reach toxic levels since they are stored in liver and body fat
Vitamin A
(RETINOL)
Important for immune function and bone reabsorption. From green leafy veggies. Toxicity results in hair loss, blurred vision
Vitamin D
(D2 Ergocalciferol, D3 Cholecalcirerol)
Homeostasis, bone mineralization, insulin synthesis, immunity. Deficiencies cause rickets. Toxic signs are nausea, weakness, irritability, jaundice.
Vitamin E
( Tocopherols)
Biological antioxidant, maintains integrity through free radical scavenging. Prevents gestation and sterility. Excessive amounts interfere with absorption of other fat soluble vitamins.
Vitamin K
( Phylioquinone, Menaquinone, Menadione)
Blood clotting and is co-factor in bone protein referred to as osteocalcin. Sources are green forages, seeds, good hay. Excessive amounts can lead to severe clotting disorders.
Vitamin C
(Asorbic acid)
Functions- enhancement of iron absorption, free radical scavenging, biological antioxidant. Synthesized by this liver. Primates and guinea pigs require addition in diets. Deficiencies results inscurvy, diarrhea, rough coat, alopecia. Very unstable when ad
Vitamin B1
(Thiamine)
Balance and maintenance of nervous system. Signs of deficiancy- anorexia, muscle weakness, paralysis. Found in raw whole grains. Toxicity signs include hypo tension, bradycardia, respiratory arrhythmia.
Vitamin B2
(Riboflavin)
Function is electron transport in oxidase and dehydrogenase enzymes which metabolize amino acids and cho's. Sources are milk, green forages, and good hay. Toxic effects are rare.
Vitamin B3
(Niacin)
Functions as a component of energy producing biochemical reactions. Deficiencies include anorexia, diarrhea, retarded growth, ulceration of soft palate, tongue, uncontrollable drooling. Most feeds contain niacin but supplementation is necessary. Toxic are
Vitamin B6
(Pyroxidine)
Functions to build proteins, metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Deficiencies signs include anorexia, retarded growth, weight loss, renal tubular atrophy with deposits of calcium oxalate in cats. Most feeds contain adequate amounts. Toxic
Vitamin B7
(Biotin)
Functions in CHO and fat metabolism. Deficiencies- hyperkaratosis, alopecia, dry secretions. Sources are raw egg white.
Vitamin B9
(Folic acid)
Functions in normal cell development, DNA synthesis. Deficiencies include anorexia, weight loss, leukopenia, hypocritical anemia. Sulfa drugs and antibiotics interfere with the synthesis of b9. Toxicities are rare.
Vitamin B12
(Cyanocobalamin)
Functions in the biomedical reactions promoting growth, reproduction, and blood formation. Most sources are commercial. Found in fish meals and dried milk products. Toxicities rarely occur but include GI upset
Pantothenic acid
Functions in protein/fat/CHO metabolism of TCA cycle. Deficiencies include emaciation, fatty liver, depressed growth. Lack of causes goose stepping in swine due to sciatic nerve damage.
Choline
Functions in transportation of fatty acids, as component membranes, and neurotransmitters. Deficiencies include fatty liver syndrome, thymus atrophy, decreased growth rate. No known toxicity exists.
Carnitine
Functions in transport of long chain fatty acids into mitochondria of the cell. Deficiencies include hyperlipemia, cardiomyopathy, and muscle asthenia. No known toxicity
Oxidation
Process of transferring electrons from one atom or molecule to another.
Mitochondrial energy production, inflammation, ischemia, pollution
Sources of free radicals
Heart
Kidney
Brain
Muscle
The highest production of free radicals occur in tissues which have high metabolism and high oxygenation such as:
Antioxidants
Substances that have the ability to scavenge ROS's, Oxidants and reduce them by inhibiting oxydation.
Vitamin E
Vitamin C
Carotenoids
Flavonoids
Phenolic acids
Selenium
Biologically active
Mixed Tocopherols
Ethoquin
BHA/BHT
Rosemaric acid
Food preservatives
Accumulated damage, cell injury and death, inactivation of critical proteins, enzymes and cell components, damage to DNA
More that 100 chronic diseases such as: cancer, arthritis, kidney disease
Diseases associated with ROS