Matter
Anything that has mass and occupies spaces.
3 states of matter
Liquid, Solid, and Gas
Atom
The smallest unit of matter. It is made up of subatomic particles.
Subatomic particles and location
- Protons are located in the central core (atomic nucleus), Protons carry a positive charge. P+
- Neutrons are located with the protons in the atomic nucleus yet are larger, Neutrons carry no charge. N0
- Electrons are located outside of the atomic nucleu
Neutral Atoms
The number of protons and the number of electrons are equal, cancelling out each subatomic particle charge. Yet the number of neutrons does not have to be the same number of protons.
Electron shells
The regions surrounding the atomic nucleus. It can hold a certain number of electrons. 1st shell holds 2 electrons,
2nd shell holds 8 electrons, and the 3rd shell can hold 18 electrons but will be satisfied with 8 electrons.
Atomic number
The number of protons that an atom has in its nucleus.
Element
The element is a substance that is unable to be broken down into a simpler substance by chemical means. It is defined by the Atomic Number.
Major elements in body
Hydrogen ( H ), Oxygen ( O ), Carbon ( C ), and Nitrogen ( N ) are major elements which make up the human body. There are also 7 mineral elements and 13 trace elements.
Mass number
The total number of Protons and the number of Neutrons found together in the atomic nucleus represents the mass number.
Isotopes
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Radioisotopes
They are unstable Isotopes. They carry high energy/radiation that can be released by 'Radioactive decay'.
Mixture
Two or more substances physically combined without changing the chemical nature of the atoms themselves.
Three types of mixtures
Suspension, Colloid, and Solution
Solution
-Solutions are another mixture in which the molecules are in the same phase and the particles will not settle out when left undisturbed. Contains a Solvent and a Solute.
Colloid
-Colloid is a mixture in which the molecules are in different phases but the particles will not settle out when left undisturbed. (Milk)
Suspension
-Suspension is a mixture which the molecules are in a different phases and the particles settle out when left undisturbed. Components are large. (Blood)
Chemical Bond
The energy relationship between atoms or ions caused by the sharing/transferring of valence electrons.
Molecule
Is two or more atoms (same atoms) joined by chemical bonds.
Compound
A molecule composed of two or more atoms of different elements.
Macromolecules
Large molecules composed of many atoms.
Valence shells and electrons
The valence shell is the outer shell is the atomic nucleus of an atom. The valence electrons are the electrons located in the valence shell. It determines how the atom will interact with other atoms and will form bonds with a specific atom.
Octet Rule
It states that the valence shell of an atom is most stable when it has 8 electrons.
Duet Rule
It states that the valence shell of an atom ( Usually for atoms with 5 or fewer electrons) is most stable when it has 2 electrons.
Ionic Bond
Is a chemical bond resulting from the transfer of electrons and resulting attraction between a positive metal cation and negative nonmetal anion.
Cation
A positive ion with more protons than electrons.
Anion
A negative ion with more electrons than protons.
Ion
A charged particle that has either gained or lost one or more electrons.
Covalent Bond
Chemical bonding resulting from the sharing of elections between two nonmetals. (Or a nonmetal and Hydorgen) It is the strongest bond.
Single Bond
Two atoms can share one electron pair.
Double Bond
Two atoms can share two electron pairs.
Triple Bond
Two atoms can share three electron pairs.
Electronegative
A property where all elements have protons which can attract electrons. Fluorine (F) if the most electronegative element. The more electronegative an element the more strongly it attracts electrons.
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
A covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally among the atoms in the bond. It can occur when atoms sharing electrons are the same element, an arrangement of atoms makes one atom unable to pull more strongly than another atom (as in 02), the bond b
Polar Covalent Bonds
A covalent bond in which electrons spend more time around the electronegative atoms, which results in the formation of a Dipole.
Dipole
A partially positive and partially negative pole that forms as a result of a polar covalent bond.
Hydrogen Bonds
Weak attractions between partially positive end of on dipole and the partially negative end of another dipole. They are responsible for a key property of water: surface tensions.
Chemical Notation and Chemical Equation
The chemical notation is a series of symbols and abbreviations that is used to demonstrate what occurs in a reaction. The chemical equation is the basic form of the chemical notation. The equation carries two parts. 1. Reactants are on the left side of th
Chemical Reaction
The process that occurs when the chemical bonds are formed, broken, or rearranged, or electrons are transferred between two or more atoms (or molecules)
Energy
Energy is putting matter into motion.
There are two types of Energy. Kinetic and Potential.
Potential energy is stored but can be released to do work at some later time.
Kinetic energy is potential energy that has been released or set in motion to preform
Forms of energy found in body
Chemical, Electrical, and Mechanical
Chemical energy
Energy stored in the chemical bonds of all molecules.
Electrical energy
Energy generated by movement of charged particles or ions.
Mechanical energy
Energy directly transferred from one object to another.
Endergonic Reactions
A reaction in which the products have more energy than the reactants. Requires the input of energy to proceed.
Exergonic Reactions
A reaction in which the products have less energy than the reactants. Releases energy once completed.
Catabolic Reactions
(Decomposition reactions) A reaction in which larger substances are broken down into smaller ones. Genral chemical notation for this reaction is AB->-> A+B
Usually exergonic because chemical bonds are broken.
Exchange Reactions
A reaction in which one or more atoms or electrons from the reactants are exchanged. The general notation for this reaction is AB+CD ->-> AD+CB
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
(Also Redox Reactions) A special type of exchange reactions. Occurs when electrons and energy are exchanged instead of atoms. Usually exergonic reactions because they are capable or releasing large amounts of energy.
Anabolic Reactions
(Synthesis reactions) A reaction in which smaller substances bond to form larger substances.
Activation Energy
The energy required for adequately strong collisions to occur between atoms for a reaction to take place. ( Ea) Following factors increase the reaction rate by either reducing the activation energy or increasing the liklihood of strong collisions between
Enzymes
A molecule (almost always a protein) that acts as a biological catalyst, speeding up a reaction without changing its products or reactants.
Induced-fit Mechanism
It describes the enzyme's interaction with its substrate(s). Binding of substrate causes a small shape a change that reduces energy of activation. Allows transitions state to proceed to final products.
Biochemistry
The Chemistry of life. Grouped into inorganic and organic compound.
Inorganic Compounds
Compounds that do not contain Carbon and Hydrogen atoms bound to one another.
Organic Compounds
Compounds that contain Carbon atoms bonded to Hydrogen atoms.
Properties of Water
-High heat capacity, able to absorb high temps without significantly changing its own temp.
-Carries heat with it when it evaporates.
-Cushions and protects the body structures because of relatively high density.
-Acts as lubricants between two adjacent s
Hydrophilic Solutes
A property of substances with partially or fully charged ends. (Polar covalent and ionic molecules that will dissolve then placed in water.)
Hydrophobic Solutes
A property of substances with no dipole (NonPolar Covalent Bonds) that will not dissolve when placed in water.
Acid
A compound that releases one or more hydrogen ions when placed in water. Has a PH less than 7.0
Base
A compound that accepts a hydrogen ion from an acid. Has a PH greater than 7.0
pH Scale
Ranging from 0-14, a simple way of representing the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution and literally stands for negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. ( -log[+H] ) When pH= 7 is neutral.
Most body fluids are slightly basic. pH: blood
Buffer
A chemical system that resists changes in pH and prevents large swings in the pH when acid or base is added to the solution.
Salt
An Inorganic compound consisting of of a nonmetal anion and a metal cation joined by an ionic bond. Salts can dissolve in water to form cations and anions called ELECTROLYTES.
Electrolytes
Cations and anions that result when ionic compounds are placed in a solution, these ions will conduct an eclectic current.
Monomer
A single molecule subunit that can be combined with another monomer to build a larger molecule.
Polymer
A molecule formed by joining two or more monomers chemically.
Monosaccharides
They have 3 to 7 carbons and are the monomers from which all carbohydrates are made. (A carbohydrate monomer)
Most abundant monosaccharides in the body
Gluclose, Frutose, Galatose, Ribose, and Dexoyribose.
Disaccharides
They are formed by union of two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis.
Polysaccharides
They consist of many monosaccharides joined to one another by dehydration synthesis reactions.
What is Glycogen?
A polysaccharides that is in the storage form of glucose in mostly skeletal muscle and liver cells.
Lipids
A group of nonpolar hydrophobic molecules composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen, includes fats and oils.
Fatty Acids
Basic lipid monomers consisting of 4 to 20 carbon atoms which may have none, one, or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon chain.
Saturated Fatty Acids
It is SOLID at room temperature, no double bonds between carbon atoms so the carbons are "Saturated" with the maximum number of hydrogen atoms.
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids
Generally liquid at room temperature, have ONE double bond between two carbons in the Hydrocarbon chain.
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Liquid at room temperature, have TWO or MORE separate double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon chain.
Triglyceride
Formed from the three fatty acids linked by dehydration synthesis to a modified 3-carbon carbohydrate, glycerol. A storage polymer for fatty acids also called a neutral fat.
Phospholipids
Composed of a glycerol backbone , 2 fatty acids "Tails" and on phosphate groupd "Head" in place of the third fatty acid. A molcule with a polar group, the phosphate head, and a nonpolar group, the fatty acid tail, is called Amphiphilic.
Steroids
Are nonpolar and share a four-ring hydrocarbon structure called the steroid nucleus. Cholesterol is the steroid that forms the basis for all other steroids in the body.
Proteins
Macromolecules that are involved in movement, function as enzymes, play structural roles, function in the body's defenses and can be used as fuel.
Amino Acids
The monomers of all proteins, can be linked by peptide bonds into polypeptides.
Peptides
Formed when two or more amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds as a result of dehydration synthesis.
-Dipeptides consist of two amino acids, tripeptides have three amino acids, and contain 10 or more amino acids.
- Proteins consist of one or mor