Strain
disruption of the musculotendinous unit
Sprain
disruption of the ligamentous unit
Dislocation
displacement resulting in loss of anatomical relationship
Subluxation
incomplete or partial dislocation
Muscle/Tendon Rupture
pain is present at time of injury
Partial Tear
pain is elicited when tissue is stressed
Complete Tear
NO pain with stretch or contraction
Tendinopathy
chronic tendon pathology
Tenosynovitis
inflammation of synovial membrane covering a tendon
Tendinitis
inflammation of tendon
Tendovaginitis
inflammation with thickening of tendon sheath
Tendinosis
degeneration of tendon due to repetitive microtrauma
Synovitis
inflammation of synovial membrane, excess of synovial fluid
Hemarthrosis
bleeding in a joint
Ganglion
ballooning of wall of joint capsule or tendon sheath
Bursitis
inflammation of bursa
Contusion
bruising from a direct blow, capillary rupture
Contracture
shortening of skin, fascia, muscle or joint capsule decreasing mobility of structure
Adhesion
abnormal adherence of collagen to surrounding structures
Reflex Muscle Guarding
muscle contraction in response to painful stimuli, functional slinting
Intrinsic Muscle Spasm
prolonged contraction in response to circulatory and metabolic changes (ie. pain results from altered environment despite reduction of primary cause
1st Degree
mild pain at time of injury, mild swelling, local tenderness, and pain when stressed
2nd Degree
moderate pain at time of injury, stress and palpation of area increase pain, some fibers torn (ligament)
3rd Degree
severe pain at time of injury, stress of tissues following injury is often painless, near complete tear, complete tear, or avulsion, possible instability
3 Stages of Tissue Healing
Inflammation, Proliferation, Maturation
Inflammation
vascular response, chemical mediators, initiation of healing process
Proliferation
collagen formation, granulation tissue
Maturation
remodeling of scar, collagen fiber alignment
Acute / Protection Phase
pt. ed, contraindications and reassurance; immobilize for protection; passive ROM; muscle sets; STM; maintain function of related areas of the body
Subacute / Controlled Motion Phase
pt. ed, follow guidelines, HEP; manage pain and inflammation; multi-angle submax isometrics; AROM; muscular endurance exercise; protected weight bearing exercises; initiate stretching; correct contributing factors
Chronic / Return to Function Phase
pt. ed, guidelines, HEP; develop balance of strength and mobility; introduce simulated work or sports activities
Chronic Inflammation
overuse repetitive strain; trauma followed by repetitive trauma; reinjury of an old scar; contractures or poor mobility