personality
A unique and long-term pattern of inner experience and outward behavior that leads to consistent reactions across various situations
personality traits
our particular characteristics
personality disorder
A pattern consisting of abnormal personality traits that repeatedly impair self-functioning and interpersonal functioning
comorbidity
The occurrence of two or more disorders in the same person
- very common for a person with a personality disorder
paranoid personality disorder
A personality disorder marked by a pattern of extreme distrust and suspiciousness of others
- they believe that everyone intends them harm, they shun close relationships
- their trust in their own ideas and abilities can be excessive
- always on guard and
schizoid personality disorder
A personality disorder in which a person persistently avoids social relationships and shows little emotional expression
- do not have close ties with other people
- the reason they isolate themselves is because they prefer to be alone
- "loners"
- seek ou
schizotypal personality disorder
A personality disorder characterized by extreme discomfort in relationships, odd forms of thinking and perceiving, and behavioral eccentricities
- anxious and distrustful around others, they seek isolation and have few close friends
- symptoms may include
antisocial personality disorder
A personality disorder marked by a general pattern of disregard for and violation of other people's rights
- "psychopaths", "sociopaths"
- lie repeatedly
- cant work consistently at a job
- careless with money and frequently fall into debt
- impulsive and
borderline personality disorder
A personality disorder characterized by repeated instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood and by impulsive behavior
- their relationships are very unstable
- swing in and out of very depressive, anxious, and irritable states that l
dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)
A therapy approach developed by psychologists Marsha Linehan to treat people with borderline personality disorder and other psychological disorders, consisting of cognitive-behavioral techniques in combination with various emotion regulation, mindfulness,
histrionic personality disorder
A personality disorder in which an individual displays a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking (Also known as hysterical personality disorder)
- seek to be the center of attention
- always "on stage" - using theatrical gestures and manne
narcissistic personality disorder
A personality disorder marked by a broad pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy
- convinced of their own great success, power, or beauty, they expect constant attention and admiration from those around them
- axaggerate their ach
avoidant personality disorder
A personality disorder characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation
- fearful of being reject that they give no one an opportunity to reject
dependent personality disorder
A personality disorder characterized by a pattern of clinging and obedience, fear of separation, and a persistent excessive need to be taken care of
- clinging and obedient, fearing separation from their parent, spouse, and other person with whom they are
obsessive compulsive personality disorder
A personality disorder marked by such an intense focus on orderliness, perfectionism, and control that the individual loses flexibility, openness, and efficiency
- their concern for doing everything "right" impairs their productivity
- when faced with a t
anal regressive
...
Big Five theory
A leading theory that holds that personality can be effectively organized and described by five broad dimensions of personality - openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
personality disorder trait specific (PDTS)
A personality disorder, proposed for possible inclusion in future editions of DSM-5, in which an individual displays significant impairment in personality functioning, characterized by at least one severely maladaptive trait
- if a person is impaired sign
when are the symptoms of a personality disorder typically recognized and how long do they last
- typically recognized in adolescence or early childhood, although some can start in childhood
- they last for years
what are the ten personality disorder as stated by the DMV-5 and also state the three groups?
1) odd and eccentric behavior
- paranoid
- schizoid
- schizotypal
2) dramatic behavior
- antisocial
- borderline
- histrionic
- narcissistic
3) high degree of anxiety
- avoidant
- dependent
- obsessive-compulsive
The DSM listing of 10 distinct personality disorders is called a ___ approach and what three things do you assume?
- categorical approach
1) problematic personality traits are either present or absent in people
2) a personality disorder is either displayed or not displayed by an individual
3) a person who suffers from a personality disorder is not markedly troubled by
why do clinicians find it difficult to diagnose personality disorders
- they often overlap and so its hard to diagnose
- raises questions about validity and reliability
many want personality disorders to be categorized by a dimensional approach, what does that mean?
- they believe that personality disorder differ more in degree than in type of dysfunction and should instead be classified by the severity of personality traits rather than by the presence or absence of specific trains
what three personality disorder are included in the "odd" personality disorders
paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
traits of people with "odd" personality disorder
- typically display odd or eccentric behaviors that are similar to but not as extensive as those seen in schizophrenia, including extreme suspiciousness, social withdrawal, and peculiar ways of thinking, and perceiving things
- person often isolated
what other disorder do they relate "odd" personality disorder with
- schizophrenia
- often call them schizophrenia-spectrum disorders
are paranoid personality disorder usually delusional
- no the ideas are not a bizarre or so firmly held as to clearly remove the individuals from reality
psychodynamic theory explanation of paranoid personality disorder
- the oldest of the explanations for this disorder, trace the pattern to early interactions with demanding parents, particularly distant, rigid fathers, and overcontrolling, rejecting mothers
- some individuals come to view their environment as hostile as
cognitive theorists explain paranoid personality disorder
- suggest that people with paranoid personality disorder generally hold broad maladaptive assumptions, such as "People are evil" and "People will attack you if given the chance
biological perspective of explanation for paranoid personality disorder
- genetic causes
- twin studies
do people with paranoid personality disorder seek treatment often?
- no because they typically see themselves as not needing help
- many in treatment don't trust the therapist
object relations therapy - paranoid personality disorder
- the psychodynamic therapists who give center stage to relationships - try to see past the patient's anger and work on what they view as his or her deep wish for a satisfying relationship
cognitive and behavioral treatment for paranoid personality disorder
- therapists help the individuals to master anxiety-reduction techniques and to improve their skills at solving interpersonal problems
- therapists guide the clients to develop more realistic interpretations of other people's words and actions and to beco
is drug therapy helpful for paranoid personality disorder
no really, limited
psychodynamic theory of schizoid personality disorder
- it has its roots in an unsatisfied need for human contact
- the parents of people with this disorder are believed to have been unaccepting or even abusive of their children
- with schizoid they are left with being unable to give or receive love
cognitive theorist explanation of schizoid disorder
- people with schizoid personality disorder suffer from deficiencies in their thinking
- their thoughts tend to be vague empty, and without much meaning, and they have trouble scanning the environment to arrive at accurate perceptions
- unable to pick up
do people often go for treatment with schizoid?
- no because of their social withdrawal, it prevents most people from entering therapy unless treatment is necessary
- clients often emotionally distant from therapist
- don't care about treatment
- limited progress
cognitive-behavioral therapist treatment for schizoid disorder
- have sometimes been able to help people with the disorder experience more positive emotions and more satisfying social interactions
- cognitive - their techniques include presenting clients with lists of emotions to think about or having them write down
drug therapy helpful for schizoid personality disorder?
no, limited
which of the odd disorders is most like schizophrenia
- schizoid personality disorder
backward masking
- used in determining schizoidtypal personality disorder
- a lab test of attention that requires individuals to identify a visual stimulus immediately after the previously stimulus has flashed on and off the screen
- people with both schizophrenia and sch
biological causes of schizotypal disorder
- high activity of neurotransmitter dopamine
- enlarged brain ventricles
- smaller temporal lobes
- loss of grey matter
Besides schizophrenia over half of schizotypal disorder patients also have this disorder
major depressive disorder
to people often go to schizotypal therapy
no
- hard to treat
- therapists try to get the clients to "reconnect" with the world and recognize the limits of their thinking and their powers
cognitive-behavioral treatment for schizotypal
- more effective
- cognitive - they try to teach clients to evaluate their unusual thoughts or perceptions objectively and to ignore the inappropriate ones
- behavior - speech lessons, social skill training, tips on appropriate dress and manners, have som
does drug therapy help with schizotypal?
- yes antipsychotics help
what disorder are in the "dramatic" personality disorder
- antisocial
-borderline
- histrionic
- narcissistic
what are general characteristics of people with "dramatic" personality disorder
- super dramatic, emotional, or erratic that it is almost impossible for them to have relationships that are truly giving and satisfying
- more commonly diagnosed than others
how old must people be to receive the diagnosis of antisocial
- at least 18 years of age, although most people with antisocial personality disorder displayed some patterns of misbehavior before they were 15
which disorder is closely related to adult crimes
- antisocial personality disorder
people with personality disorder are also prone to
substance abuse
psychodynamic theorist perspective of antisocial personality disorder
- starts with an absence of parental love during infancy, leading to a lack of basic trust
- the children respond by becoming emotionally distance, and they bond with others through the use of power and destructiveness
- often have significant stress in t
behavioral explanation for antisocial disorder
- learned through modeling, or imitation
- due to children having the same disorder was their parents bc they reward aggressive behavior
cognitive view for antisocial disorder
- hold attitudes that trivialize the importance of other people's needs
- genuinely have difficulty recognizing point of view other than their own
biological factors in antisocial personality disorder
- those who are highly aggressive and impulsive display lower serotonin activity
- deficient functioning in their frontal lobes, especially the prefrontal cortex
- low brain and body arousal
are treatments with antisocial personality disorder typically effective?
no
- they often have no desire to change
- most are forced into therapy
cognitive treatment - antisocial
- try to guide to think about moral issues and about the needs of other people
what medications are used to treat antisocial disorder
- antipsychotics and psychotropics, but not very effective
borderline personality disorder and relationships
- intense conflict-ridden relationships, in which their feelings aren't necessarily shared with the other person
- they may come to idealize another person's qualities and qualities when just meeting them
- may violate boundaries in relationsuips
- fears
psychodynamic theory of borderline personality disorder
- early parental relationships and lack of acceptance that may lead to low self-esteem, increased dependence, and an inability to cope with separation
- neglected or rejects by people
- often had multiple parent substitutes, divorce, or traumas such as se
biological causes of borderline personality disorder
- overly reactive amygdala
- underactive prefrontal cortex
- lower brain serotonin
- genetics
biosocial theory for borderline personality disorder
- the disorder results from a combination of internal forces and external forces
- if children have intrinsic difficulties identifying and controlling their emotions and if their parents further teach them to ignore their intense feelings, the children ma
sociocultural theorists for borderline personality disorder
- likely to emerge in cultures that change rapidly
- as a culture loses its stability, they argue, it inevitably leaves many of its members with problems of identity, a sense of emptiness, high anxiety, and fears of abandonment
is psychotherapy effective for borderline personality disorder
yes somewhat
- but it is difficult for the therapist to strike a balance between empathizing with the client's dependency and anger and challenging his or her way of thinking
has drugs helped people with borderline personality disorder?
- yes it has helped calm the emotional and aggressive storms of some people with the disorder
- psychotropic drugs
is histrionic personality disorder often found in males or females more often?
- females
- "hysterical wife"
- but in present day they say it may not be as gender specific
psychodynamic explanation of histrionic disorder
- as children, people with this disorder experienced unhealthy relationships in which cold and controlling parents left them feeling unloved and afraid of abandonment
- to defend against deep-seated fears of loss, the individuals learned to behave dramati
cognitive explanation for histrionic personality disorder
- see the individuals as becoming less and less interested in knowing about the world at large because they are so self-focused and emotional
- hold a general assumption that they are helpless to care for themselves, and so they seek others who will meet
sociocultural theory for histrionic disorder
- may be an exaggeration of femininity as our culture once defined it
do people with histrionic personality disorder likely to seek out treatment
- they are more likely than other personality disorders
- but its hard to treat because they may just be putting on an act to please the therapist
cognitive therapy histrionic personality disorder
- tried to help people to change their belief that they are helpless and also to develop better, more deliberate ways of thinking and solving problems
psychodynamic therapy histrionic personality disorder
- therapists aim to help the clients recognize their excessive dependency, find inner satisfaction, and become more self-reliant
is drug therapy effective for histrionic personality disorder?
no, only helps with depressive symptoms
is narcissism more common in men or women
- men
psychodynamic theory narcissism
- they propose that the problem begins with cold, rejecting parents
- spend their lives defending against feeling unsatisfied, rejected, unworthy, and wary of the world
- divorces, lost, or abusive parents
object relations theory narcissism
- emphasize relationships - interpret the grandiose self-image as a way for these people to convince themselves that they are totallu self-sufficient and without need of warm relationships with their parents or anyone else
cognitive-behavioral theory narcissim
- may develop when people are treated too positively rather than too negatively in early life
- "admiring or doting parents" teach them to "overvalue their self-worth" repeatedly rewarding them for minor accomplishments or for no accomplishment at all
sociocultural theorists narcissism
- "eras of narcissism" in society
- family values and social ideas in certain societies periodically break down, producing generations of youth who are self-centered and materialistic and have short attention spans
- particularly western culture
are narcissistic patients hard to treat
- yes because its hard for them to realize their weaknesses and have feedback from others
psychodynamic therapy narcissism
- seek to help people with this disorder recognize and work through their basic insecurities and defenses
cognitive therapy narcissism
- focusing on self-centered thinking of such clients, try to redirect the client's focus onto the opinions of others, teach them to interpret criticism more rationally, increase their ability to empathize and change their all-or-nothing notions
what personality types are in "anxious" personality disorders
- avoidant
- dependent
- obsessive-compulsive
what do people with "anxious
personality disorder usually act
- display anxious and fearful behavior
- similar to anxiety or depressive disorders
what other disorder if avoidant personality disorder like?
- social anxiety disorder
men or women have more cases of avoidant personality disorder
men
psychodynamic perspective of avoidant personality disorder
- focus mainly on the general sense of shame felt by people with avoidant personalidty disorder
- trace shame to childhood experiences such as early bowel and bladder accidents. if the parants repeatedly punish or ridicule the child for having such accide
cognitive perspective of avoidant personality disorder
- believe the harsh criticism and rejection in early childhood may lead certain people to assume that others in their environment will always judge them negatively
- they come to expect rejection
behavioral perspective of avoidant personality disorder
- suggest that people typically fail to develop normal social skills, a failure that helps maintain the disorder
do people with avoidant personality disorder seek therapy
- yes the hope to find acceptance and affection
- treatment can be a challenge because soon many avoid therapy, they start to fear therapist rejection
psychodynamic therapy avoidant disorder
- try to help clients recognize and resolve the unconscious conflicts that may be operating
cognitive therapy avoidant disorder
- help them change their distressing beliefs and thoughts and improve their self-image
behavioral therapy avoidant disorder
- provide social skills training aw well as exposure treatments that require people gradually to increase their social contact
- group therapy and behavioral-cognitive therapy are very effective
is drug therapy effective for avoidant therapy
- sometimes antianxiety and antidepressant drugs are helpful
do more women are men display dependent personality disorder?
- women
psychodynamic perspective of dependent personality disorder
- similar to depression
- parent may be overinvolved or overprotective, increases their dependency
Freudian perspective of dependent personality disorder
- unresolved conflicts during the oral stage of development can give rise to a lifelong needs for nurturance, thus heightening the likelihood of the disorder
object relations perspective of dependent disorder
- say that early parental loss or rejection may prevent normal experiences of attachment and separation, leaving some children with fears of abandonment that persist throughout their lives
behaviorists perspective of dependent disorder
- parents of people with the disorder unintentionally rewarded their children's clinging and "loyal" behavior, while at the same time punishing acts of independence, perhaps through the withdrawal of love
- some parents behavior models for the children
cognitive perspective of dependent disorder
- two maladaptive behaviors
1) "I am inadequate and helpless to deal with the world"
2) "I must find a person to provide protection so I can cope
is treatment helpful for people with dependent personality disorder
- yes to an extent
psychodynamic therapy for dependent personality disorder
- the pattern focuses on many of the same issues as therapy for depressed people, including the transference of dependency needs onto the therapist
cognitive-behavioral therapy dependent personality disorder
- combines behavioral and cognitive interventions to help the clients take control of their lives
- behavior - the therapists often provide assertiveness training to help the individuals better express their own wishes in relationships
- cognitive - try t
is drug therapy helpful for dependent disorder
- yes - antidepressants
- group therapy too
Freudian theory of obsessive-compulsive disorder
- people are anal regressive because of overly harsh toilet training during the anal stage, they become filled with anger, and they remain fixated at this stage
- over controlling parents ignite aggressive impulsiveness
cognitive theory of obsessive-compulsive disorder
- propose that illogical thinking processes help keep it going
are people likely to seek treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder
- no because they don't see anything as wrong
psychodynamic therapy obsessive-compulsive disorder
- try to help them recognize, experience, and accept their underlying feelings and insecurities, and perhaps take risks and accept their personal limitations
cognitive therapy obsessive-compulsive disorder
- seek to help clients change their dichotomous thinking, perfectionism, indecisiveness, procrastination, and chronic worrying
problems with the DSM classification of personality disorder
1) some of the criteria used to diagnose DSM-5 personality disorders cannot be observed directly
2) clinicians differ widely in their judgments about when a normal personality styles crosses the line and deserved to be called a disorder
3) the personality
what are the big five "supertraits
1) neuroticism
2) extroversion
3) openness to experiences
4) agreeableness
5) conscientiousness
- states that every personality stems from these supertraits
what are five groups of problematic traits that would be eligible for a diagnosis of PDTS (personality disorder trait specified)
1) negative affectivity - experience negative emotions frequently and intensely (i.e. emotional lability - unstable emotions, anxiousness, separation insecurity, perseveration etc.)
2) detachment - withdraw from other people and social interactions
3) ant
which personality disorder do they bear grudges
paranoid
which personality disorder is there limited emotional expression
schizoid
which personality disorder do they have no empathy for others
naracissistic
which personality disorder is like social anxiety disorder
avoidant
which personality disorder is marked by people being very indecisive
dependent