Achieved Status
A status that you may not assume until or unless you meet certain criteria through you own (or others') efforts
Ascribed Status
A status over which you have litttle control: You are born into it or grow into it
Authority
Persons occupying formal statuses in a bureaucracy
Band
Egalitarian form of political organization, small in scale and associated with foraging territory
Big Man
Use thier personal persuasive skills to arrange complex regional public events that involve kin and neighbors
Bridewealth
When certain symbolically important goods are transferred from the family of the groom to the family of the bride on the occasion of their marriage
Caste
Society in which the individual members of distinct stratified groups are not allowed to move out of the stratum in which they were born.
Chiefdom
Ranked form of political organization in which one lineage is elevated above the others, and its leader becomes a political leader for the entire society (centralized political authority)
Class
Society in which there is some social mobility up or downt the class hierarchy
Coercive Power
The use of physical force
Colonialism
Political conquest of one society by another, followed by social domination and forced cultural change
Communicative Competence
The ability to choose suitable vocabulary, style, and topics of speech based on the audience and social setting
Cultural Relativism
Anthropologist interpret specific beliefs and practices in the context of the culture to which they belonged
Culture
A coherent set of beliefs and customs belonging to a distinct society
Dependency Theory
Poverty and underdevelopment were a consequence of capitalist colonial intervention in otherwise thriving independent societies
Egalitarian Society
All members (or component groups) enjoy roughly the same degree of wealth, power, and prestige
Enculturation
The process of learning to live as a member of a group
Endogamy
A situation in which a person is expected to marry within a defined social group
Ethnicity
Identity based on common biological origin
Ethnocentrism
Using the practices of your own "people" as a yardstick to measure how well the customs of other, different peoples measure up (they vs. us)
Ethnography
Study of a single culture and way of life
Ethnology
Comparative study of two or more ways of life
Exogamy
A situation in which a person is expected to marry outside of their defined social group
Foraging
Those who do not rely on domesticated plants or animals but instead subsist on a variety of wild foodstuffs (highly egalitarian)
Gender
A cultural construction that makes biological and physical differences between males and females into socially meaningful categories
Gender Role
Cultural expectations of men and women in a particular society, including the division of labor
Globalization
Intesifying flow of capital, goods, people (tourists as well as immigrants and refugees), images, and ideas around the world
Hegemony
Dominant group achieves dominance by promoting the internalization of elite values by ordinary people
Holistic
Trying to fit together all that is known about human beings
Extensive Agriculture (horticulture)
A subsistence strategy involving the production of plants using simple, non-mechanized technology; fields are not used continuously, but rather are allowed to lie fallow for varying lengths of time
Imagined Community
Members' knowledge of one another does not come from regular face-to-face interactions but instead is based on their shared expereinces with national institutions, such as schools or government bureaucracies, and the bonds created from reading the same ne
Industrial Production
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Intensive Agriculture
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Language
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Leveling Mechanism
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Lineage
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Market Exchange
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Modernization Theory
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Nation-State
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Neocolonialism
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Neoliberalism
International institutions like the World Bank and IMF urge individual nation-states to pursue their own economic self-interest in competition with another
Non-Settler Colonies
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Participant-Observation
A way researchers gain insight into another way of life by taking part as fully as they can in a group's social activities as well as by observing those activities as an outsider
Pastoralism
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Persuasive Power
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Political Organization
The ways in which power is legitimately used in a society to regulate behavior, maintain social order, make collective decisions. 4 types: band, tribe, chiefdom, and state.
Power
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Race
A culturally constructed category on perceived physical differences, that is used to imply hereditary differences between peoples and to justify various systems of social stratification
Reciprocity
Mutual give and take among people of roughly equal status
Redistribution
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Refugee
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Religion
Ideas and practices that postulate reality beyond that which is immediately available to the senses
Rite of Passage
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Ritual
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
The claim that the culture and thought patterns of people were strongly influenced by the language they spoke
Settler Colonialism
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Sex
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Social Stratification
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State
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Stigmatized Speech
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Stratified Society
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Structural Adjustment
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Subsistence Strategy
The ways in which societies transform the material resources of their environment into food, clothing, and shelter. 5 types are: foraging, herding, extensive agriculture (horticulture), intensive agriculture, and industrialized food production
Tribe
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World System Theory
(Core, Periphery, Semiperiphery)
Core: countries that are fully industrialized, monopolize technological expertise and innovation, control financial decision making for the system as a whole, and pay relatively high wages tos killed workers.
Periphery: countries whose main contributions
4 Subfields of Anthropology
Biological Anthropology: study of human beings as biological organisms
Cultural Anthropology: study of how variation in the beliefs and behavior of members of different human groups is shaped by culture
Linguistic Anthropology: Study of human language in