The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health of the public through organized efforts and informed choices of individuals, organization, communities, society, public, private and government
Public Health
5 aspects of public health?
Monitor health, diagnose and investigate, research, value, enforce laws
What are the 3 public health approaches?
Surveillance, population wide, prevention
What are the 4 steps of the public health model?
1. define the problem
2. identify risk and protective factors
3. develop and test prevention strategies
4. assure widespread adoption
What is an example of the public health model in action?
Cholera outbreak of 1854
Governments can intervene on food marketing if the information is?
False, misleading, deceptive
Children <____ years old do not understand persuasive intent of advertisements
8
The ability to understand health information and make good decisions
Health literacy
The affordable health care act requires what to be posted at large chain restaurants?
Calorie info
___ attempts to label foods in a way that makes sense to all
Nuval score
In 2012, NYC Board of Health attempted to limit sales of sugar sweetened beverages to ___ oz containers
16
Aims to improve nutritional status and health of school children by updating definition of food of low nutritional value and increasing access to free, healthy meals at school
Child Nutrition Bill of 2010
Affordable Care act may have _____ impact on obesity
Positive
The limited role of the FDA has a ____ impact on obesity
Negative
Regulates health and safety , nutrition labeling, health claims after the fact but not before the product goes on the market
FDA
The FDA regulates nutritional content, portion size, and marketing strategies. (T/F
False
Obesity is linked to _____
Brain genes
Mental process that includes attention, memory, executive function, producing/understanding language, learning, reasoning, problem solving, decision making.
Cognitive function
Cognitive function =
Brain function
3 main aspects of cognitive function
Attention
Memory
Executive function
What are the 4 types of attention?
Selective Attention
Divided Attention
Top Down Attention
Bottom Up Attention
Ability to focus on one thing despite noise around you
Selective attention
Ability to do two things at once
Divided attention
Taking info available to you
Top Down attention
Pulling information together yourself
Bottom Up attention
Memory with short duration, lowest capacity
Sensory memory
Memory with short duration, limited capacity
Short term memory
Memory with larger capacity, long duration
Long term memory
Left perisylvian associated with
Language
Prefrontal associated with
Executive
Medial temporal associated with
Memory
Parietal associated with
Spatial cognition
Occipito-temporal associated with
Visual cognition
Responsible for memory and spatial navigation, temporal sequencing
Hippocampus
Decline of hippocampus partly responsible for symptoms of ______ &______.
Alzheimer's & Schizophrenia
Midlife obesity is risk factor for ____ in later life
Dementia
High glycemic index foods found to stimulate brain regions associated with ____
Addiction
Suggests of neurons in the brain adapt during learning and memory development process
Hebbian Theory
High BMI associated with ___ cognitive function in children
Lower
Socioeconomic status found to _____ associate with cognitive function
Positively
Obesity predicts decline in executive function later in life up to ____ years
72
Obesity positively associated with cognition for those older then 72 years
Obesity paradox
Obesity is linked with lower brain volume, what percentage of shrinkage?
4-8%
Gene associated with reduced brain volume, independent of physical activity, BMI, diabetes, CVD
Obesity related gene
Weight status determined relative to age in children but not adults (t/f)
True
<100 mg/dl fasting plasma glucose:
Normal
>100 and <126 fasting plasma glucose:
Pre diabetes
>126 mg/dl fasting plasma glucose:
Diabetes
<140 2 hour oral glucose tolerance test
Normal
>140 and <200 mg/dl 2 hour oral glucose tolerance test
Pre diabetes
>200 mg/dl 2 hour oral glucose tolerance test
Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is ___% of all diagnoses
95
Diabetic nephropathy in kidneys may lead to
Increased urination, loss of appetite, nausea, muscle cramps
What are the diabetes treatment options?
Lifestyle changes, medication, dialysis
A dynamic organ that can be either white or brown in color
Adipose fat tissue
____ adipose is mose common and used for storage and is either subcutaneous or visceral
White
A heat producing tissue located in neck, upper thorax and surrounding organs
Brown adipose
Low adipose=
Hunger
High adipose=
Satiety
Adipokine secreted into blood from fat cells and acts at hypothalamus in brain
Leptin
In starvation mode, leptin ____
decreases
In obesity, leptin is _____
deficient
____ diet causes greatest weight gain
High fructose diet
Peptide secreted by fat cells
Adiponectin
Low levels of adiponectin associated with
reduced insulin sensitivity, atherosclerosis, impaired immune function
Inflammatory protein produced by adipocytes only
Resistin
Resistin is ____ in obese _____ in lean ,
High, low
Adiponectin is ____in lean, ____ in obese
High, low
Inflammatory cytokine produced by many cells including fat cells
TNF
Cytokine produced by many cells including fat cells
Interleukin 6
Interleukin 6 in the peripheral system is ____ in obese and ___ in lean
Hiher, low
Interleukin 6 in the brain is ____ in obese and ____ in lean
Lower, higher
Protein produced by many cells including fat cells
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor
Inhibits process of dissolving blood clots
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor
Plasminogen ACtivator Inhibitor is ___ in obese and ____ in lean
Higher, lower
Hyperplasia=
More adipose cells
Hypertrophy=
Larger adipose cells
White good cell within involved in immune system
Macrophage
Fat accumulation in muscle and liver cells -->
Insulin resitance