What are the thre organ systems of a plant?
shoots, roots, leaves
What is the definition of a shoot?
the plant stem
What is the definition of roots?
an organ system, usually underground, that absorbs water and nutrients and anchors the plant
Where are plant cells formed?
meristems
What is meristematic tissue?
embryonic tissue located at the tips of stems and roots and occasionally along their entire length; can divide to produce new cells; one of the four main tissue systems in plants
What are the three tissue types of plants?
dermal, ground, and vascular
Where is dermal tissue found in plants?
on the outer surface of herbaceous plants
What kind of cells comprise dermal tissue in plants?
epidermal cells
What is the function of dermal tissue in plants?
to secrete a waxy cuticle that aids in the prevention of water loss
Where is ground tissue found in plants?
the bulk of the primary plant body
Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells are common in what kind of tissue in plants?
ground tissue
What is the function of vascular tissue in plants?
to transport food, water, nutrients, and hormones
Xylem, phloem, parenchyma, and cambium cells are part of what kind of tissue in plants?
vascular tissue
What are the three major cell types in plants?
parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma
What is the function of parenchyma cells?
photosynthesis, storage, bulk of herbaceous stem tissues, lateral transport in woody stems
What are the identifying features of parenchyma cells?
thin, multisided walls, alive at maturity
What is the function of collenchyma cells?
to support the plant
What are the identifying features of parenchya cells?
thickening walls, alive at maturity
What is the function of sclerenchyma cells?
to support the plant
What are the identifying features of sclerenchyma cells?
thick second walls, dead at maturity
What is xylem?
plant tissue type that conducts water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves
What are phloem cells?
cells that move dissolved sugars and other products of photosynthesis from the leaves to other regions of the plant
What are guard cells?
cells that regulate exchange of water vapor, oxygen and carbon dioxide through the stomata
What is an angiosperm?
a flowering plant
What are the two types of angiosperms?
monocots and dicots
What are the features of a monocot?
one cotyledon, veins in leaves which are parallel, flower parts in multiples of three, scattered arrangement of vascular bundles in stem
What are the features of a dicot?
two cotyledons, netlike leaves, flower parts in fours or fives, vascular bundles arranged in a ring
If the vascular bundles in a plant are arranged in a ring, is it a monocot or dicot?
dicot
If the plant has flower petals in multiples of three, is it a monocot or dicot?
monocot
What is a cotyledon?
a seed leaf
Monocot stems do/do not have a pith region in their stems but do/do not have a pith region in their roots.
do not, do
Dicot stems do/do not have a pith region in their stems, but do/do not have a pith region in their roots
do, do not
Secondary growth usually occurs in monocots or dicots?
dicots
Secondary growth usually produces what?
secondary xylem (wood)
Secondary growth is made possible by what kind of meristem?
a cambium
What are the parts of a leaf?
blade, leaf veins, petiole, axillary bud
What is a petiole?
the stalk connecting the leaf blade to the stem
What is an axillary bud?
buds borne in the axil (where the leaf meets the stem)
What is the first root a plant sprouts called?
a radicle
Water is absorbed by what part of the root?
the root hairs
What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
6H2O + 6CO2 -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
What pigment in plants reflects green light?
chlorophyll
What is the Light Dependent Process of photosynthesis?
light strikes chlorophyll a in such a way as to excite electrons to a higher energy state. in a series of reactions the energy is converted into ATP and NADPH. water is split in the process, releasing oxygen as a by-product of the reaction.
What is the Light Independent Process of photosynthesis?
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is captured and modified by the addition of hydrogen to form carbohydrates. the energy for this comes from the first phase of the photosynthetic process.
What is photophosphorylation?
the process of converting energy from a light-excited electron into an ADP molecule
What is the definition of haploid?
having only a single set of chromosomes, as in gametes
What is the definition of diploid?
having two of each chromosome
What is the definition of meiosis?
a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell
What are the two generations of the plant life cycle?
the gametophyte and the sporophyte
Is the gametophyte generation haploid or diploid?
haploid
Is the sporophyte generation haploid or diploid?
diploid
How does a plant go from the gametophyte generation to the sporophyte generation?
a gamete is produced by mitosis and sexual reproduction produces the diploid sporophyte generation
What is a sporangium?
a structure where spores are produced
What kind of plants have the gametophyte phase dominant?
nonvascular plants, such as mosses
What kinds of plants have to sporophyte phase dominant?
vascular plants, such as ferns and angiosperms
What is endosperm?
a food storage tissue that provides nutrients to the developing embryo in angiosperms; formed from the triploid cell produced when a sperm cell fertilizes the central cell.