Indian Independence
boycott- abstain from using or purchasing goods or servicescivil disobedience- the refusal to follow certain laws, usually those viewed as unjust, as a form of protestnonviolent protests:refusing violence in favor of peaceful methods to gain political goalspartition- the act of dividing somethingpassive- not active, dominant, or forcefulrefugee- someone who goes to another country to escape dangerAmritsar Massacrein 1919, ten thousand Indians marched to protest British policies in India-British soldiers fired on the crowd without warning-400 Indians were killed and 1200 were wounded-Nationalism began to growHow did the independence movement create conflict in India?~Mohanda K. Ghandi (1869-1948)was called "Mahatma" which means "great soul"trained in Britain as a lawyerworked in S. Africa where he fought against racial discriminationorganized nonviolent protests to achieve Indian independencespent 7 years in jail for his protests~Civil DisobedienceSatyagraha:-form of civil disobedience-deliberate and public reftusal to follow the law in order to protest the actions of the governmentNonviolent Protest:-rejecting violence and choosing peace methods to gain political objectives~The India National CongressIn 1920, the India National Congress adopted Ghandi's strategy:-boycott British-made goods-refuse to pay taxes or vote in elections~The Salt MarchIn 1930, Ghandi led hundreds of followers on a march to the sea-They protested the British salt tax-Non-marching supporters were also attacked by troops for attempting to close the British salt works~India after WW2India participated in the war on the side of the Allies-More Indian leaders demanded self-government-Britain's population was reconsidering the cost of maintaining colonies~Disagreement between Hindus and MuslimsMuslims and Hindus could not agree on how to set up the new government-Ghandi wanted Hindus and Muslims to live together peacefully-Muslims like Muhammad Ali Jinnah wanted to partition India into two states~The problems of partitionHindus lived in spread out areaMuslims lived in the North mostlybut still the religions overlapped so there was no clear dividing line~The Partition of India (1947)The Indian Independence Act of 1947 divided IndiaThe Republic of India: Majority HinduPakistan: Majority Muslim~The PartitionIndia: HinduPakistan: MuslimBurma: BuddhistKashmir: Muslim and HinduThere was no clear break between both religions.~The Aftermath of PartitionAfter the partition, Hindus and Muslims fled in an effort to relocate-10 million became refugees-500 died in Hindu-Muslim riots-Ghandi pleaded for peace but was assassinated~Indira Ghandi(1917-1984)became first woman to be elected prime minister of Indiawas assassinated by members of her own bodygaurds becasue of religious conflict~India's ChallengesIndia face many challenges since gaining its independence-Religious conflict and acts of terrorism-Corruption in government-Legacy of the caste system-Explosive population growth
One of Jawaharlal Nehru's first duties as India's Prime Minister was to
improve living standards for Indians.
Why did Gandhi encourage Indians to weave their own cloth?
Textiles were a major source of income for Britain.
Gandhi was trained to be a
lawyer
Which of the following ended the post-partition fighting between Hindus and Muslims?
Gandhi's protest hunger strike
If the United States was to be partitioned in the same way India was, the partition would be based on
religious groupings.
Gandhi's nickname, Mahatma, means
great soul.
The refugee crisis that occurred in India after its partition was a result of
too many people trying to relocate at one time.
Which of the following illustrates the concept of Satyagraha?
camping out by a "no loitering" sign to protest the law
Why was the Salt March a turning point in India's struggle for independence?
A foreign journalist gave the story an international audience.
Which of the following is the best example of civil disobedience?
refusing to pay taxes because you disapprove of how the money is being used by the government
Challenges of Independence in Asia
decolonization- process of moving from colonial to independent statusinsurgency- rebellion against the governmentjunta- a military group that rules a country by forceregime- government in powersecession- formally withdrawing from a group or organizationseperatist- one who supports secession from a larger state, often based on ethnicity or religionDecolonizationthe process by which a colony becomes an independent nationIndia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Vietnam, Malaysiagranted or gained through armed struggleHow were the former colonies of Southeast Asia affected by independence?~Seeking IndependenceThe US won the Philippines from Spain in the Spanish-American War-The people of the Philippines opposed US rule-The Philippines gained independence after the end of WW2~Challenges since IndependenceIndependence has led to political and economic challenges in the PhilippinesDictatorship: two decades of rule by Ferdinand Marcos who known for marshal law, violence, and rigged electionsInsurgency: Muslim seperatists and Communist rebelsPoverty: struggles to raise the standard of living~Successes since IndependenceThe Philippines has had a steadily growing economy-Filipinos have successfully battled corrupt and abusive governments~The US-Philippines RelationshipFollowing Philippines' independence, ties to the US have remained close-The US had several military bases in the Philippine until the 19902-The US is one of the Philippines' top trade partner and a major investor~IndochinaColonies in Indochina were controlled by Britain and FranceEach would gain independence following WW2Burma's Change to MyanmarBurma, which is now know as Myanmar, was granted independence from Great Britain in 1948-The nation has been under military control since the 1960s-A military junta controlled the government until 2011, repressing citizens and limiting rights-Recent political reforms have been slow, bringing limited change~Aung San Suu Kyi (b.1945)was elected Prime Minister of Myanmar in 1990was prevented from taking office and placed under house arrest for 21 yearswas awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991 while under house arrestwas freed in 2010 and now works for political reform~Independence for Malaysia and SingaporeMalaysia gained its independence from Britain in 1962Successes:-has experienced continued economic growth-is known for the strength of its manufacturing industryChallenges:-has experienced tensions between the Malay majority and other groups-experienced the secession of Singapore which became an independent state~Independence in Cambodia, Laos,and VietnamThe nations of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam were part of French Indochina-Rebels led successful wars of independence-Vietnam was divided into two, with a communist north and a pro-Western south~After IndependenceVietnam:-The US-led war in Vietnam failed to stop the spread of communism into the south-Economic reforms brought Vietnam into the world trade communityCambodia:-The Khmer Rouge regime killed more than 1.5 million Cambodians-Rapid economic growth occurred after the monarchy was restored in 1993~IndonesiaIndonesia is made up of many islands that spread southeast of the Asian mainland.-The group of islands was colonized by the Dutch~Indonesian Nationalism and IndependenceVarious groups fueled a nationalist movement int he early 1900s-Indonesia declared its independence in 1950-Indonesians rebelled against the Dutch, fighting off attempts to regain control until 1949~The Challenges of IndependencePolitical challenges:Army-led coup d'etat and corrupt dictatorshipsEthnic conflict: East Timor's independence in 2002Natural disaster: 2004 earthquake and tsunami killed more than 200,000 people
Which world event sped up independence movements by European colonies in southeast Asia?
the occupation of southeast Asia by Japan
Why did the United States become involved in the Philippines' affairs?
to fight the Spanish-American War
Before gaining independence, the colonies in Indochina were controlled by
France and Britain
Which Indochinese country was under control of a junta for decades?
Burma
How did the Dutch set themselves up for an uprising by the people of Indonesia?
They provided too many opportunities for the Indonesians, who used their new skills to demand independence.
After the Philippines became independent, its relationship with the United States
stregthened.
Which of the following best summarizes the character of Aung San Suu Kyi?
fearless activist who would risk imprisonment for principles
Which of the following countries were part of French Indochina? Check all that apply.
CambodiaLaosVietnam
This chart shows the gross domestic product of the Philippines after independence.
...
Which of the following nations achieved independence through armed rebellion? Check all that apply.
CambodiaIndonesiaVietnam
Vietnam's war for independence and division into two countries in 1954 led the United States to send military forces to the region. Why did this take place?
The United States feared the spread of Communism throughout Southeast Asia.
After World War II, the Philippines was granted its independence by which nation?
the United States
After independence, the Philippines struggled under the dictatorship of
Ferdinand Marcos
he Philippines gained full independence from the US in
1946
Since independence, Malaysia has been highly successful in
manufacturing.
In the Philippines, attempted takeovers by Communist rebels
are still an ongoing problem today.
Decolonization in Africa
corruption- a lack of moralsdemand- call for something urgentlyincite- encourage or provokepan-Africanism- a movement that sought to unify people of African descent and establish independence for African nationsColonialism in AfricaEuropean nations established colonies in Africa in the late 1800s-Imposed their economic and political systems on the colonies-Exploited African labor and resources for European profitHow did decolonization affect African nations?~The Effects of Colonial PracticeCauses:-Economies created to benefit colonial powers-Little Investment in education-Colonial boundaries ignored cultural division~Economic Effects of ColonialismCause: Economies created to benefit colonial powersEffects:-Economies dependent on a single cash crop-Little industrialization-Little investment in infrastructure-Very small middle class~Little Focus on EducationCause: Little investment in educationEffects:-Lack of a skilled, literate workforce-lack of leaders with government experience~Problems with Colonial BoundariesCause: Colonial boundaries ignored cultural divisionsEffects:-Widespread ethnic conflict-Lack of national identity~Challenges of IndependenceOverwhelming challenges made it harder for democracies to stay in powerDemocracies fell to military rule and authoritarian dictatorships~The Pan-Africanism MovementPan-Africanism was a movement whose purpose was to unify people of African descendants around the world-An imp early goal was to free Africa from colonial rule-African leaders formed the Organization of African Unity, also know as the African Union~GhanaAfrican independence began in Gold Coast, now called Ghana-Africans gained a majority in colony's Parliament in 1946-Kwama Nkrumah became prime minister in 1952-In 1957, Ghana became independent~Problems Lead to Military RuleNkrumah increase his own power:-Opposition political parties banned-Corruption increasedEconomic problems increased:-Rising debt-falling cacao crop pricesMilitary coup overthrew government:-Government instability increased~Ghana todayDemocratic reforms in 1992 allowed for multiparty elections-Advances in education and human services continue~Kenyan IndependenceKenya African Union(KAU): led by Jomo KenyattaMau Mau Uprising: Rebel group used guerrilla warfareForced the British to negotiateKenyan Independence granted in 1963~Jomo Kenyatte (c.1894-1978)Served as a prime minister and then president of KenyLed the Kenyan Africa Nationalist Union(KANU), the dominant political partyWas a member of the pan-African movement who sought rights for AfricansWas accused of showing favortism towards Kikuyu people, causing discontent~Kenya TodayIn 1990s, new opposition parties began to gain influenceCharges of election fraud led to the creation of a new constituitonIt created a system of checks and balances and reduced the power of the presidencyEthnic favortism continues to be a problem~NigeriaNigeria was home to many ethnicities and religions -ethnic minorities in the west rebelled against Yoruba rule in 1967-Soon, civil war broke out across the nation-More than 1 million people were killed~Shift from Military to Democratic RuleFrom 1970 to 1999, a series of military leader and dictators ruled Nigeria-Some prohibited all political activity and criticism of the governmentIn 1999, a civilian president was elected-The growth of the oil industry helped the development of the Nigerian economy-Ethnic tensions remain~RwandaRwanda won its independence from Belgium in 1962-The nation is home to two rival ethnic groups: the majority Hutu and the minority Tutsi-Unrest, conflict and civil war were common-A peace agreement was signed in 1994 in which the two groups agreed to share power in a democratic government~The Rwandan GenocideIn 1994, a plane crash killed the Hutu president of Rwanda-Extremist Hutus used the event in incite genocide against the Tutsis-800,000 people were murdered
What was the first step in Ghana's independence?
Africans gained a majority in the parliament.
The economies of most African colonies were dependent on
one or two crops.
What was the purpose of pan-Africanism?
to unite people of African descent around the world
The large number of casualties in the Nigerian civil war can be attributed to
the many different factions at war with one another.
Why did corruption increase when opposition political parties were banned in Ghana?
Nkrumah's government held too much power, and officials could do whatever they wanted.
European nations benefited from African colonies'
labor and resources.
Because there was very little investment in education, African colonies
had few leaders with government experience.
Another name for the Organization of African Unity is the
Africa Union
The majority ethnic group in Rwanda is the
Hutu
When military leaders and dictators ruled Nigeria, they sometimes tried to prevent unrest by
prohibiting all criticism of the government.
What was a major contributor to unrest in Nigeria?
its many ethnicities and religions
Jomo Kenyatta caused discontent during his rule in Kenya by
exhibiting favoritism toward the Kikuyu people.
Europeans ignored cultural divisions when setting colonial boundaries because
Europeans had no interest in or concern for African cultural divisions.
What can one conclude about the link between falling cacao crop prices and rising economic problems in Ghana?
The country was too dependent on exports of its cacao crop.
Latin American Reform
implement- to put into effectintermittently- every once in a whileliberal- a philosophy that believes it is the government's role to correct social inequalitiesnationalize- to transfer control of land or industry from private owners to the governmentopposition party- a political party not in power that works to oppose the government's policiesreferendum- a political decision given to the voters to decide during a general electionLatin AmericaSouth of the USMexico, Venezuela, CubaMany of these countries struggled after independenceThe Problems of IndependenceLatin American nations faced a broad range of challenges following independence-competing government ideologies-widespread poverty-unequal distribution of wealth-growing foreign economic influenceHow did countries in Latin America approach government reform?~Mexican IndependenceMexico won its independence from Spain in 1821-The country was intermittently ruled by dictator Santa Anna until 1855-Benito Juarez set up a republic, and began to institute liberal reforms in the 1860s-This led to conflict between liberals and conservatives~The Mexican RevolutionPorfirio Diaz seized power and established a dictatorship-He used his power to limit democracy and freedoms-In 1910, the people rose up in revolutionRevolutionary leaders: Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa~The Mexican Constitution of 1917After the revolution, Mexico passed a new constitution that protected democratic ruleLand Reform:-Restricted foreign ownership of land-Broke up large estates-Seized remaining church landsSocial Reforms:-Prohibited discrimination-Prohibited censorship-Prohibited for free educationEconomic Reform:-Established minimum-wage laws-Protected unions and the right to strike~Lazaro Cardenas(1895-1970)Became Mexico's president in 1934Redistributed land to peasantsImplemented new welfare programsImproved education in rural areasNationalized oil and railroad industries~Institutional Revolutionary Party(PRI)The PRI became the dominant party in Mexican politics-Controlled the congress, and won every presidential election-Allowed opposition parties, but used election fraud to stay in power-Became controlling and corrupt~Modern-Day MexicoChallenges:-High levels of corruption among police and public officers-Drug cartel-related violence-Continuing poverty, especially in rural areasSuccesses:-Growing middle class-Expanded role of women, and increased rights-Economic growth, and increased global trade~Socialism and CommunismDuring the 20th century, some Latin American countries turned to socialism and communismSocialism:-Government-controlled means of production-Government-provided services-Multiple political partiesCommunism:-Totalitarian government-Single-party state-Government-controlled economy~Communism CubaFidel Castro led a revolution in Cuba, and created a communist dictatorship-Nationalized the Cuban economy-Repressed civil liberties, imprisoned political opponets, and prohibited a free press-Became economically dependent on the Soviet Union~Cuba after the Fall of CommunismThe collapse of the USSE led to significant changes-Cuba lost Soviet-provided economic support-Shortages of food and medicine were common-Some economic reforms were made~VenezuelaAfter gaining independence in 1831, Venezuela experienced political instability-17 constitutions-Series of dictators and military leaders until 1958~The Chavez Presidency(1988-2013)Hugo Chavez was elected president in 1988-won a referendum to rewrite the constitution-Implemented socialism in Venezuela-Established stronger ties with Cuba-Accused of damaging some democratic institutions
Porfirio Diaz and Santa Anna each led Mexico after independence as
dictators.
What type of ideology has gained popularity throughout Latin America?
liberalism
Which best describes the difference between socialism and communism?
The government controls people's lives under communism, while it provides certain services for citizens under socialism.
After being elected president of Venezuela, Hugo Chavez
strengthened ties with socialist countries like Cuba.
Who were two leaders of the rebel army during the Mexican Revolution?
Zapata and Villa.
After Cuba lost economic aid from the Soviet Union, Fidel Castro
allowed some economic reforms to occur.
Which best describes how Mexican leaders sought to protect democratic rule after the country's revolution?
They approved a new constitution.
Mexico's Constitution of 1917 helped the working class by
protecting the right to strike.
The main reason Cárdenas nationalized Mexico's oil industry was to
enable the country to get direct benefit from its vast supplies.
Which actions did Fidel Castro take in Cuba after creating term-82a communist system in 1959? Check all that apply.
He nationalized the Cuban economy.He repressed the civil liberties of all citizens.He prohibited free press in the country.He forbade the selling of private property.He banned all travel to and from the country.
The Venezuelan people gave Hugo Chavez a referendum to rewrite their constitution and implement
socialism.
Which best describes the successes and challenges of modern-day Mexico?
It has experienced economic growth and a growing middle class, but poverty continues to linger and government corruption remains
Mexico experienced a series of liberal reforms in the 1860s instituted by
Benito Juarez.
Which best describes what occurred in Mexico following the institution of liberal reforms by Benito Juarez?
The government action caused conflict between liberals and conservatives.
Conflict in the Middle East
coalition- a political alliance formed to accomplish a mutually beneficial goalcontroversial: giving rise to public disagreementterrorism- the practice of committing violent or destructive acts to achieve political goalsweapons of mass destruction- weapons that can kill or injure a large number of people at one time, or cause massive damage to structures.The 9/11 AttacksTerrorist hijacked various airplanes and flew them into buildingsGreatly change the UScan trace events back to the Persian Gulf WarHow did issues in the Persian Gulf region lead to conflict with the US?~Saddam Hussein (1937-2006)was president of Iraq from 1979 to 2003ruled as a dictatorinvaded Iran in 1980, starting an 8 year warknown for human rights abuses such as torture and genocideused a secret police and terrorism to stay in poweroverthrown, convicted of war crimes, and executed~Iraq invades KuwaitIn 1990, Hussein's army invaded Kuwait-Iraqi troops stationed themselves near border of Saudi Arabia-Saudi Arabia feared an Iraqi Invasion~Ultimatum from the UNThe UN Security Council demanded that Hussein leave KuwaitAugust 3, 1990: The UN tells Hussein to withdrawJanuary 15, 1991: The UN deadline for withdrawal passesJanuary 16,1991:Allied forces launch invasion-The coalition was led by the US-It included NATO and Arab forces from many countires~Operation Desert StormIn January 1991, the US led a bombing campaign in Iraq-A ground invasion was launched six weeks later-Retreating Iraqi soldiers set fire to old wells in Kuwait-Iraq was forced to accept the UN's cease fire terms~The Persian Gulf War EndsHussein agreed to the terms of cease-fire:Recognition of Kuwait's right to exist independently-Elimination of long-range missiles and weapons of mass destruction in its possession-Cooperation with UN weapons inspectors, including allowing them to visit Iraq-Establishment of a US-led UN force in Saudi Arabia to protect Kuwait from further attack~Hussein Remains in PowerKurds and Shiite Muslims rebelled against Hussein's ruleHussein used chemical weapons against the rebelsHussein refused to admit UN weapons inspectors as required by the cease-fireThe UN imposed sanctions against Iraq for Hussein's unwillingness to cooperate~The TalibanThe Taliban rose to power by restoring order in Afghanistan after country's 9 year war with the Soviet Union-The strict Islamic regime governed Afghanistan from 1996-2001-The Taliban allowed terrorist organization to operate out of Afghanistan~Al-QaedaAl-Qaeda is a militant Islamist group founded in the late 1980s-It began as a force to fight the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan-It later demanded that US troops withdraw from Saudi Arabia-It has designed a terrorist organization by the UN Security Council, the European Union, NATO, and the US government~Osama Bin Laden(1957-2011)United Islamic fighters he met in Afghanistan to create al-QaedaViewed the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan as an attack on IslamSaw the US-led UN forces in Saudi Arabia as another attack on Isla,-Supported and bankrolled the 9/11 attacks~Early al-Qaeda AttacksIn 198, bin Laden told al-Qaeda members they should target Americans-In 1998, US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania were bombedIn 2000, the USS Cole was attacked in Yemen~September 11, 2001On the morning of September 11,2001, a group of hijackers-boarded four planes leaving airports on the East Coast-attacked the flight crews and took over the planes' controls after takeoff-flew planes toward targets in NY and DC-The hijackers piloted two planes into the World Trade Center's twin towers, which soon collapsed-One plane was flown into the Pentagon-One plane crashed in a field in Pennsylvania-Almost 3,000 people died~The War on TerrorAfter Sept 11 attacks:-the FBI identified the 19 hijackers and linked them to al-Qaeda-The US demanded that Afghanistan's Taliban government turn over Osama bin LadenAfghanistan: -In Oct 2001, the US began bombing Taliban defenses-The Taliban were driven from power and a new government was established-Many countries contributed to the war effort, including Britain, Australia, Germany, and PakistanIraq:-in 2003, US forces invaded Iraq-The invasion was controversial-Saddam Hussein was captured, tried, and eventually executed for war crimes by the new Iraqi government-Free elections were held in 2005~US government Reaction to 9/11Established the Department of Homeland SecurityIncreased security at airports and on airplanespassed the USA Patriot ActLaunched invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq
After the attacks of September 11, 2001, the United States demanded that
Afghanistan's Taliban government turn over Osama bin Laden.
How did al-Qaeda get its start?
as a force against Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
What is a coalition?
a political alliance
What was the most likely motivation for Iraqis to set fire to oil wells in Kuwait?
They wanted revenge when they were forced to retreat from Kuwait.
What was the source of al-Qaeda's hostility toward the United States?
Al-Qaeda wanted the United States to withdraw troops from Saudi Arabia.
As part of the war on terror, what action did the United States take in Afghanistan?
It drove the Taliban out of power.
Al-Qaeda's main targets on September 11, 2001, were
New York City and Washington, DC.
Operation Desert Storm was the name of
the ground invasion in Kuwait.
Why did Saudi Arabia fear an Iraqi invasion?
Iraq invaded nearby Kuwait for its oil.
Why was the US invasion of Iraq controversial?
Many did not agree that Iraq presented a terrorist threat.
Why did Saddam Hussein use weapons of mass destruction against Kurdish people and Shiite Muslims?
They rebelled against Saddam Hussein's rule.
The Department of Homeland Security was created to
protect the United States from terrorist attacks.
Arab forces most likely fought with the United States in the Gulf War because
they wanted to protect their own resources.
How would al-Qaeda have been affected if the Taliban had not supported it?
It would not have developed a strong base in Afghanistan.
Why did Singapore secede from Malaysia?
Its primarily Chinese population was facing threats and conflict from the Malay majority of the country.
In addition to Spain and the United States, which nation controlled the Philippines for a time?
Japan
In ____, Osama bin Laden first told al-Qaeda to target Americans.
1998
How did Osama bin Laden form Al-Qaeda?
He united Islamic fighters he met in Afghanistan.
Read the passage from a speech by President Harry Truman.It has been the repeated declaration of the legislative and executive branches of the Government of the United States of America that full independence would be granted the Philippines as soon as the people of the Philippines were prepared to assume this obligation...the people of the Philippines have clearly demonstrated their capacity for self-government... -Proclamation of Philippines Independence, July 4, 1946What did the Philippines need to do before assuming independence?
show they would be able to govern themselves
Approximately ____ people died in the attacks of September 11, 2001.
3,000
Fidel Castro led a revolution in Cuba in 1959 and created a government based on
a communist dictatorship.
What of the following characterized Ghana after 1992?
advances in education and human services
Which of the following groups attempted insurgency against the newly independent Philippine government?
Muslims
In chronological order, Mexico's leaders after its independence in 1821 and before its revolution in 1910 were
Santa Anna, Benito Juarez, and Porfirio Diaz.
Why did India's desire for independence increase following World War II?
It felt that its service in the war effort should grant it independence.
In 1967, ethnic minorities rebelled against Yoruba rule in
Nigeria
Which event sparked extremist Hutus to incite genocide against the Tutsis in Rwanda?
the death of the Rwandan president
What resulted when Europeans created colonial boundaries that ignored Africa's cultural divisions? Check all that apply.
widespread ethnic conflictlack of national identity