phonetics
the study of the minimal units of language
articulatory phonetics
the study of how sounds are produced
auditory phonetics
the study of how sounds are perceived
acoustic phonetics
the study of the physical properties of sounds
pulmonic eggresive airstream mechanism
most sounds in the world's languages are produced by manipulating air coming into the vocal tract as it is being exhaled by the lungs
voicing
state of glottis--whether a consonant is voiced or voiceless
voiced
vocal cords together and vibrating
voiceless
vocal cords spread apart and NOT vibrating
place of articulation
where the air gets obstructed in the vocal tract
bilabial
these are sounds produced by bring both lips together
labio-dental
these are sounds produced by placing the lower lip against the upper teeth
interdental
these sounds are made by placing the tongue between the upper and lower teeth
alveolar
these are sounds that are made at or near the alveolar ridge
alveopalatal
sounds made behind the alveolar ridge
palatal
sounds made near the hard palate
velar
sounds made behind the hard palate, around the velum
glottal
sounds made at the space between your vocal cords
manner of articulation
to what degree of the air gets obstructed in the vocal tract
stop
sounds that are produced by completely stopping the flow of air in the oral cavity
fricative
sounds made by forming a constriction that does not completely obstruct flow of air out of the mouth
affricate
sounds made by completely obstructing airflow for a brief period and then releasing the flow in such a way as to produce friction
nasal
sounds are made when the velum is lowered and so some of the air coming from the lungs is diverted out through the nasal cavity
lateral liquid
the airflow coming up from the lungs is channeled down on both sides of the tongue
retroflex liquid
curling the tongue tip up
glide
consonants that are realized with only a light amount of closure or constriction
flap
sounds are made by bringing two articulators together very quickly
tongue height
relative degree to which the tongue body is raised or lowered in the mouth
tongue advancement
different vowels with relatively more or less retraction of the tongue body in the mouth
lip rounding
some vowels are made with the lips rounded, while others are made without rounding the lips
tenseness
some vowels are made with more extreme tongue gestures than others are
length
how long the duration of a sound is
intonation
the way that some languages like English use changes in pitch
tone
the way that a language uses pitch
stress
some syllables standing out as more salient than others in a word