Peninsulares
a colonist of Spanish ancestry
creoles
colonists who were born in Latin America to Spanish parents
mestizos
a person of mixed European and Indian ancestry
conservative
usually wealthy property owners and nobility; argued for protecting traditional monarchies for Europe
liberal
mostly middle-class business leaders and merchants, wanted to give more power to elected parliaments, but only educated and voted
radical
favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people; believed governments should practice ideals from the French Revolution-liberty, equality, and brotherhood.
nationalism
belief that peoples greatest loyalty should not be to a king or empire, but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history
crop rotation
system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve fertility of land
industrialzation
development of industries for the machine production of goods
factors of production
resources that are needed to produce goods and services
laissez faire
belief that government should not interfere with or regulate industries or businesses
strike
to refuse to work in order to force and employer to meet certain demands
capitalism
Economic system based on private ownership and on investment of money on business adventures in order to make profit
utilitarianism
A theory proposed by Jeremy Bentham in late 1700's that government action is useful only if they promote greatest good for the greatest number of people
Socialism
An economic theory that the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all
Communism
An economic system where all means of production are owned by the people, private property does not exist, all goods are shared
What were at least four of the factors that contributed to the industrialization in Britain?
water power and coal, iron ores, rivers for transportation, and harbors and ships
What factors led to the United States' technological boom?
wealth of natural resources, burst of inventions, and a swelling urban population
How did the Industrial Revolution prove to be a mixed blessing for women?
it was higher wages than a home job, but only received a third of what men received
Simon Bolivar
The revolutionary leader from Venezuela was known as the "George Washington of South America
Jose de San Martin
He led Mexican rebels against the Spanish after Miguel Hidalgo in 1811
Jose Maria Morelos
This priest from Dolores issued the call for rebellion in Mexico
Miguel Hidalgo
He was an Argentinean revolutionary leader who liberated Argentina,Chile, and Peru
Louis Napoleon
He won the French presidential election in 1848, and four years later, took the title of emperor. He build railroads, encouraged industrialization, and promoted an ambitious program of public works
Alexander II
He was a Russian czar, who decided to move Russia toward modernization and social change; believed that his reforms would allow Russia to compete with western Europe for world power
Jethro Tull
He was one of the first scientific farmers; invented a seed drill that allowed farmers to sow seed in well-spaced rows and specific depths so that a larger share of seeds took root, boosting crop yields
Eli Whitney
He was an American who invented the cotton gin, which multiplied the amountof cotton that could be cleaned
Adam Smith
He defended the idea of a free economy, or free markets, in his 1776 book The Wealth of Nations. He felt that his economic liberty guaranteed economic progress and that the government should not interfere
Karl Marx
He was a German journalist who co-wrote The Communist Manifesto, which introduced the world to a radical type of socialism called Marxism