cell body
-the part of a neuron that produces the energy needed for the activity of the cell and that coordinates information-processing tasks and keeps the cell alive.-contains nucleus and cytoplasm
soma
The cell body of a neuron
axon
Long fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body of a neuron
axon hillock
The conical region of a neuron's axon where it joins the cell body; typically the region where nerve signals is generated.
dendrites
the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
dendritic spine
a small bud on the surface of a dendrite, with which a terminal button of another neuron forms a synapse
terminal bouton
bulge at the end of an axon from which the axon releases a chemical called a neurotransmitter
terminal button
a structure at the end of a branch of an axon that, when the neuron is triggered, releases chemicals into the space between neurons
synapse
the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft.
myelin
a fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses
cell membrane
thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell
depolarization
-causing the interior to become more positive -sodium rushes into neuron through membrane, potassium ruses out; results in a change in charge
conduction
the transfer of heat within a material or between materials that are touching
presynaptic/postsynaptic
pre - synaptic vesiclespost - ligand-regulated ion channels
synaptic vesicles
small membranous sacs containing the neurotransmitter acetylocholine (ACh); inside the axon terminal
reuptake pump
after action potential to get the cell back to homeostasis the pump forces Na+ ions out and K+ ions in the cell, activated by ATP
receptor
on or in a cell, a specific protein to whose shape fits that of a specific molecular messenger, such as a hormone
receptor blocker
drug binds with a receptor but does not activate it, blocking other NT's from binding, block release
attenuate/potentiate
become weaker, in strength, value, or magnitude/ opposite
agonist/antagonist
Agonist are drugs that produce a response *Isoproterenol (Isuprel) stimulates beta 1 receptors*Antagonist are drugs that block a response *Cimetidine (Tagamet) blocks histamine receptors thus preventing excessive gastric secretions*
ED 50/LD 50
-Effective dose that causes effect in 50% of the population on exposure to a particular toxicant-lethal dose in 50% of population (animals)
dose response curve
Plot of data showing effects of various doses of a toxic agent on a group of test organisms.
curve shift
...
acetylcholine (ACh)
distributed widely throughout CNS; involved in arousal, attention, memory, motivation, and movement; involved in muscle action at neuromuscular joints (skeletal muscles); implicated in Alzheimer's disease-loss of memory and severe language problems; too much dopamine = spasms and tremors; too little dopamine = paralysis and torpor
cholinergic
-releasing or activated by acetylcholine or a related compound adjective -Referring to cells that use acetylcholine as their synaptic transmitter.
dopamine (DA)
-D1, D2, D3, D4, & D5 Receptors. effects fine muscle movement, emotions, thoughts, decision making. Stimulates hypothalamus to secrete hormones for sex, thyroid, & adrenal.-reward and pleasure, movement, Parkinson's, schizophrenia
dopaminergic
-most commonly used agents for Parkinson's; promote activation of dopamine receptors-increases effects of dopamine at site
norepinepherine (NE)
increases heart rate, adrenaline, fight or flight response
adrenergic
Pertaining to nerve fibers in the SNS that react to epinephrine, norepinephrine, or dopamine neurotransmitters.
serotonin ( AKA 5-HT: 5- hydroxytryptamine)
-neurotransmitter: regulation of pain, suppresses certain categories of species-typical behaviors and reduces the likelihood that the animal acts impulsively, -AKA SEROTONIN -An amine synthesized from TRYPTOPHAN*** converted to MELATONIN-Stored in ENTEROCHROMAFFIN cells in intestines, CNS, and platelets
serotonergic
Referring to neurons that use serotonin as their synaptic transmitter.
monoamine oxidase (MAO)
-An enzyme that metabolizes norepinephrine and other catecholamines-An enzyme that breaks down and thereby inactivates monoamine transmitters.
catecholamines
-chemicals released from the adrenal glands that function as hormones and as neurotransmitters to control ANS activation.-dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
-Neurotransmitter that reduces activity across the synaptic cleft and thus inhibits a range of behaviors and emotions, especially generalized anxiety.-reduces anxiety
neuropeptides
-Brain chemicals that regulate the activity of neurons-neuromodulators that bind to receptors and activate enzymes
opiates
opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.
oxytocin
-A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.-induces labor
dorsal/ventral
top/bottom
lateral
situated at or extending to the side
medial
middle
peripheral
on or near an edge or constituting an outer boundary
anterior/posterior
front/back
rostral/ caudal
Front v. Back (midbrain orientation)
saggital
Divides the body into unequal right & left halves
coronal
A plane that divides a structure into anterior and posterior parts
horizontal
parallel to or in the plane of the horizon or a base line
locus coeruleus- NE
this structure in the pons is one target of GABA inhibition released by the VLPA; it releases _______, which radically decreases during sleep (virtually none during REM) (two answers)
raphe nuclei - 5-HT
-moderate-size cluster of nuclei found in the brain stem. Their main function is to release serotonin to the rest of the brain.[1] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants are believed to act in these nuclei, as well as at their targets-rich in pre-synaptic serotonin 5-HT1A autoreceptors
ventral tegmental system
-are, substantia nigra, mesocortical limbic pathway- DA-The mesolimbic pathway is a dopaminergic pathway in the brain. The pathway begins in the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain and connects to the limbic system via the nucleus accumbens, the amygdala, and the hippocampus as well as to the medial prefrontal cortex. The mesolimbic dopamine system is widely believed to be a "reward" pathway, but that theory is not universally accepted
appetitive
governs our impulses
consummatory
when any behavior is followed by a consistent consummatory response, the reinforcement of behavior is strongEx: tasty food elicits stronger eating responses than less tasty food
drive
force into or from an action or state, either physically or metaphorically
incentive
a positive motivational influence
intracranial self-stimulation
rats press a lever to self-administer electrical stimulation to the reward centers of the brain. This stimulation is so rewarding that they will do it to the point of exhaustion.
Hedonia/ Anhedonia
DA mediates the hedonic impact (euphoria) drug of rewards
hedonic impact
feeling good is why people take drugs
conditioned stimuli
Stimuli a person learns to experience as aversive as a result of pairing with an unconditioned aversive stimulus (ex: gestures, vocal tones)
unconditioned stimuli
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response
conditioned response
an acquired response that is under the control of (conditional on the occurrence of) a stimulus
unconditioned response
in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
incentive salience
when an addictive drug activates the mesolimbic dopaminergic system (reward circuit), the objects and stimuli present at the time of taking the drug are given this
perceptual salience
Phenomenon in which the most obvious features of an object or situation have disproportionate influence on the perceptions and thought of young children.
wanting
an organism's motivation to obtain a reward
liking
a feeling of pleasure and enjoyment
sensitization
rendering an organism sensitive to a serum by a series of injections
tolerance
the power or capacity of an organism to tolerate unfavorable environmental conditions
withdrawal
the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug
relapse
a falling back into an old illness or bad habit
reward
Anything that produces pleasure or satisfaction; a positive reinforcer
reinforcement
(psychology) a stimulus that strengthens or weakens the behavior that produced it
self-administration
patient may self administer medications, drugs are supplied in individual conatiners and stored at the bedside.
reward learning
changes in behavior due to positive reinforcement.
in vivo
Within the living body
6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)
Damages or destroys catecholaminergic neurons
aphagia
loss of the ability to swallow
adipsia
absence of thirst
psychomotor activating effects
The onset of mental changes, such as anxiety and restlessness, which in turn affects a person's activity, causing them to feel the need for repeated actions - for example, hand wringing, foot tapping and pacing - to relieve their inner tension.Certain medications, such as atypical antipsychotics and antidepressants, can cause psychomotor activation.
amphetamine
-stimulant drug that increases the release of dopamine, a type of -stimulant often used to stay awake or to reduce appetite
compulsion
an urge to do or say something that might be better left undone or unsaid
opiods
prescribed as an alangesic- pain relief, vicadan olycontin, percocet methadone- could cause respiritory depression
SSRI
an antidepressant drug that acts by blocking the reuptake of serotonin so that more serotonin is available to act on receptors in the brain
reuptake
A process in which neurotransmitters are sponged up from the synaptic cleft by the presynaptic membrane
reuptake blocker
Blocks neurotransmitters in synaptic gap from returning to the terminal branch; neurotransmitters keep activating receptor sites, cocaine molecule that blocks the reabsorption of dopamine