anatomy
study of the structure of the body parts and their relationships to one another
physiology
concerns the function of the body. how the body parts work and carry out their life sustaining activities
gross or macroscopic anatomy
the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart, lungs and kidneys. (cut open to see these. thats gross)
regional anatomy
all structures of the bodyy in a particular region of the body, such as the abdomen or leg, are examined at the same time
systematic anatomy
body structure is studied system by system. for example, when studying the cariovascular ssystem you would examine the heart of blood vessels of the entire body
surface anatomy
study of interal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface.
microsopic anatomy
deals with the structures too small to be seen with the named eye. for most such studies, exceedingly thin slices of body tissues are stained and mounted on glass slides to be examined under the microscope.
cytology
subdivision of microscopic anatomy. considers the cells of the body
histology
subdivision of microscopic anatomy, considers the tissues of the body
renal physiology
kidney function
chemical level
simplest level of the structural hierarchy
necessary life functions
maintain boundaries, movement. responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth
maintain boundaries
must maintain boundaries so that its internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding its outside
integumentary system
skin. helps protect everything inside
movement
the activities promoted by the muscular system, such as propelling ourselves from one place to another
responsiveness
the ability to sense changes which serve as stimuli in the environment and then respond to them. for example, if you cut your hand on broken glass, a withdrawal reflex occurs, you involuntarily pull your hand away from the painful stimulus.
digestion
the breaking down of ingested foodstuff to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood.
metabolism
a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells. regulated largely by hormones scecreted by endocrine system glands
catabolism
breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks
anabolism
blocks synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances
excretion
Removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion
reproduction
occurs in the cellular and organismal level. cell- cell divides, producing tow identical daughter cells that maybe then be used for body growth or repair
growth
an increase in size of body part or the organism as a whole
survival needs:
nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temp.,
integumentary system
Forms the external body covering,and protects deeper tissues from injury.Synthesizes vitamin D, and housescutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.)receptors and sweat and oil glands.
skeletal system
Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals.
muscular system
Allows manipulation of the environment,locomotion, and facial expression.Maintains posture, and produces heat.
nervous system
As the fast-acting control system ofthe body, it responds to internal andexternal changes by activatingappropriate muscles and glands.
endocrine system
Glands secrete hormones thatregulate processes such as growth,reproduction, and nutrient use(metabolism) by body cells.
cardiovascular system
Blood vessels transport blood,which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide,nutrients, wastes, etc. The heartpumps blood.
lymphatic system and immunity
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vesselsand returns it to blood. Disposesof debris in the lymphatic stream.Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes)involved in immunity. The immuneresponse mounts the attack againstforeign substances within the body.
respiratory
Keeps blood constantly supplied withoxygen and removes carbon dioxide.The gaseous exchanges occur throughthe walls of the air sacs of the lungs.
digestive system
Breaks down food into absorbable unitsthat enter the blood for distribution tobody cells. Indigestible foodstuffs areeliminated as feces.
urinary system
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from thebody. Regulates water, electrolyte andacid-base balance of the blood.
male reproductive system
Overall function is production of offspring. Testesproduce sperm and male sex hormone, and maleducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to thefemale reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggsand female sex hormones. The remaining femalestructures serve as sites for fertilization anddevelopment of the fetus. Mammary glands offemale breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.
female reproductive system
Overall function is production of offspring. Testesproduce sperm and male sex hormone, and maleducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to thefemale reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggsand female sex hormones. The remaining femalestructures serve as sites for fertilization anddevelopment of the fetus. Mammary glands of femalebreasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.
survival needs
nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure
nutrients
Chemicals for energy and cell buildingCarbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins
oxygen
needed for everything. Essential for energy release (ATP production)
water
60-80 percent of our body is made up of water. Essential for energy release (ATP production)
normal body temperature
needed for chemica lreactions to continue at a life sustaining rates. at a 37. c... 98.6 f..
atmospheric pressure
the force that exterts on the surface of the body
homeostasis
the ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions. dynamic state of equilibrium or abalance in which internal conditions vary, but always within relatively narrow limits.
negative feedback mechanisms
the output shuts off the original effects of the stimulus or reduces its intensity. these mechanisms cause the variable to change in a direction opposite to that of the intial change, returning it to its ideal value, thus the name negative feedback mechanisms.
positive feedback
the result or response enchances the original stimulus so that theresponse is accelerated. this is positive because the change that resluts proceeds in the same direction as the initial change.
homeostatic imbalance
our bodys control systems become less efficient, and our internal environment becomes less and less stable.
anatomical position
the body is erect with palms facing outwards
superior
toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above
inferior
away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
ventral(anterior)
toward or at the front of the body; in front of
dorsal(posterior)
toward or at the back of the body; behind
medial
toward or at the midline of the body; or the outerside of
lateral
away from the midline of the body; or the outerside of
intermediate
between a more medial and a more lateral structure
proximal
closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
distal
farther from the origin of a body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
superficial
toward or at the body surface
deep
away from the body surface
axial part
which makes up the main axis of our body, includes the head, neck and trunk.
appendicular part
consists of the appendages, or limbs which are attached to the body's axis
sagittal plane
veritical, divides in right and left halves
median
right in the midlide (midsagittal)
frontal (coronal)
lies vertically, but divides body into anterior and posterior parts
transverse (horizon)
lies horizonally, from right to left. divides body into superior and inferior parts.
oblique sections
cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes.
dorsal body cavity
protects nervous system and has two subdivisions
cranial
encases the brain
vertebral or spinal
encases the spinal cord
ventral body cavity
two major subdivisions of thoraic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity. houses internal organs collectively called the visera.
thoracic cavity
surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest. futhur subdiviviions into laterla pleural cavities, and mediastinum
lateral pleural cavities
encases a lung
medial mediastinum
contains the pericardial cavity which encloses the heart and the
abdominopelvic cavity
what seperates the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm.
abdominal cavity
contains the stomach, intenstines, spleen, liver and other organs
pelvic cavity
contains the urinary bladder, some reprodctuve organs and the rectum
serosa
the walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer srufaces of the organs it contains and covered by a thin double-layered membrane
parietal serosa
the part fo the membrane lining the cavity walls
visceral serosa
covering the organs