The 1803 Supreme Court case in which the Court assumed legal authority to nullify acts of other branches of the government in this struggle between Congress and the judiciary
Marbury v. Madison
1st major battle of the Civil war, fought in northern Virginia on July 21, 1861. The Union suffered a severe defeat, which affirmed Confederates' belief that they could prevail.
Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)
Republican president of the U.S. from 1801-1809 who presided over the Louisiana Purchase, Lewis and Clark's exploration of the West, and precarious relations with Britain and France
Thomas Jefferson
The idea that stated have the power to overturn federal laws overstep congressional powers
nullificatoin
White Massachusetts abolitionist and printer who called for an immediate end to slavery
William Lloyd Garrison
Forced westward journey of Cherokees from their homes in Georgia in which close to one quarter of the Indians lost their lives
Trail of Tears
A massive, popular revival of evangelical Protestantism that began at the turn of the 19th century and peaked in the 1820s-1830s
2nd Great Awakening
Daughters of southern planter who became antislavery lecturers, gearing their comments particularly toward women
Grimke sisters (Angelina and Sarah Grimke)
War hero and former senator who became president of the Confederate States of America
Jefferson Davis
Navigation Acts
Legislation passed by Parliament in 1650-1651, and 1660 regulating colonial trade
Anne Hutchinson
A devout Puritan who lectured before large crowds in Boston about the sermons of John Cotton and whom John Winthrop referred to as an "antinomian
Quakers
The Society of Friends, who were often ridiculed for their religious zeal and their pacifism
English Reformation
Henry VIII's break with the Roman Catholic Church, establishing the Church of England
Rodger Williams
This critic of Puritan leadership in Mass. helped found the colon of Rhode Island and was known for advocating a strict separation of the church from civil influence
John Winthrop
While aboard the Arbella, this man gave one of the most famous sermons in history during which he discussed the idea of a city upon a hill
Pilgrims
Group of Separatists who originally fled England due to religious persecution. They went first to Holland and then to America where they established Plymouth colony
Predestination
The idea that all powerful God, before the creation of the world, decided which few human souls would receive eternal life
Covenant of Grace
The idea that individuals could be saved only by God choosing them to be members of the elect
The Great Awakening
Wave of revivals that began in Massachusetts and spread through the colonies in the 1730s and 1740s. The movement emphasized vital religious faith and personal choice. It was characterized by large, open-air meetings at which emotional sermons were given by itinerant preachers
Redemptioners
A kind of indentured servant; in this system,A captain agreed to provide passage to Philadelphia, where redemptioners would obtain money to pay for their transportation, usually by selling themselves as a servant
Mercantilism
A set of policies that regulated colonial commerce and manufacturing for the enrichment of the mother country. ensured that the American colonies in the mid-17th century produced agricultural goods and raw materials to be shipped to Britain, where they would increase wealth in the mother country through re-exportation or manufacture into finished goods that would then be sold to the colonies and elsewhere
Yeoman Planter
A farmer who owned a small plot of land, sufficient to support a family, and tilled mostly by servants, & a few family member
Chief Powhatan
The supreme chief of about fourteen thousand Algonquian Indians who inhabited the coastal plain of present -day Virginia near the Chesapeake Bay. Without the help of Powhatan, the Jamestown colony would not have survived
Puritans
Dissenters from the Church of England who wanted a genuine reformation rather than the partial reformation sought by Henry VIII. Religious principles emphasized the importance of an individual's relationship with God, developed through bible study, prayer, and introspection.
Sugar Act
1764 British law that decreased the duty on French molasses making it more attractive for shipper to obey the law and at the same time raised penalties for smuggling. Regulate trade, but its primary purpose was to raise revenue.
Stamp Act
1765 British law imposing a tax on all paper used for official documents, for the purpose of raising revenue. Widespread resistance to the Stamp Act led to its repeal in 1776
Seven Years War
Conflict that grew out of disputed among Britain, France, and Indian tribes over claims to land in North America. The war expanded to encompass much of Europe and its overseas possessions. It also contributed to deteriorating relations between Britain and its North American colonies in the 1760s. The Treaty of Paris marked the conclusion of the conflict in 1763.
Boston Massacre
Following months of tension between British occupying forces and patriotic colonists, violence erupted on March 5, 1770, when British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who had been taunting them, killing five.
Coercive Acts
In response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses
Encomienda
unfree labour that was used during the Spanish colonization of the Americas. The Spanish monarch rewarded individual Spaniards for services rendered, by giving them control of the labour of a particular number of Native Americans.
Tea Act
principal overt objective was to reduce the massive surplus of tea held by the financially troubled British East India Company in its London warehouses and to help the struggling company survive.
Massachusetts Bay Company (Chapter 4)
Joint Stock Company by Puritans merchants and country gentlemen, that got a royal charter in 1629. The charter granted family land for colonization & permitted self-governance by the colony (95)
Thomas Hooker (Chapter 4)
a prominent minister in the Massachusetts Bay colony, clashed (fight), disagree with Winthrop & other leaders over the composition, exclusion of church in men & women who lived godly lives but who hadn't experience conversion. In 1636, Thomas, led a group of more than 8 hundred colonists to found a new colony at Hartford in the Connecticut River Valley (103) In 1639, the towns adopted the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, a quasi-constitution that could be altered by vote of freemen...