Action-Oriented Listeners
communicators who are usually focused on tasks: they tend to keep the discourse on track and are often valuable in meeting.
Active Listening
being an active participant in making choices about selecting, attending, and the other steps in the listening process
Appreciative Listening
listening with the simple goal of talking pleasure int eh sounds that one receives.
Attending
the step in the listening process of focusing attention on both the presence and communication of someone else.
Content-Oriented Listeners
Critical listeners who carefully evaluate what they hear; they prefer to listen to information from sources they feel are credible and critically examine the information they receive from a variety of angles.
Critical Listening
evaluating or analyzing information, evidence, ideas, or opinions; also known as evaluative listening.
Defensive listening
responding with aggression and arguing with the speaker without fully listening to the message.
Empathic Listening
listening to people with openness, sensitivity, and caring; attempting to know how another person feels.
Hearing
the physiological process of perceiving sound; the process through which sound waves are picked up by the ears and transmitted to the brain.
Informational Listening
processing and accurately understanding a message; also known as comprehensive listening.
Insensitive Listening
listening that occurs when we fail to pay attention to the emotional content of someones message, instead of taking it at face value.
Listening
the process of recognizing, understand, accurately interpreting, and responding effectively to the messages communicated by others.
Listening Apprehensions
a state of uneasiness, anxiety, fear, or dread associated with a listening opportunity; also know as receiver apprehension
Listening Barriers
a factor that interferes with the ability to accurately comprehend information and respond appropriately.
Listening Fidelity
the degree to which the thoughts of the listeners and the thoughts and intentions of the message producer match following their communication.
Monopolistic Listening
listening in order to control the communication interaction.
Multitasking
attending to several things at once.
paraphrasing
a part of listening empathetically that involves guessing at feelings and rephrasing what one thinks the speaker has said.
Passive Listening
failing to make active choices in the listening process.
People-Oriented Listeners
communicators who listen with relationships in mind; they tend be most concerned with others' feelings.
Pseudolistening
pretending to listen when one is actually not paying attention at all.
Remembering
the step in the listening process of recalling information.
Responding
the step in the listening process of generating some kind of feedback or reaction that confirms to others that one has received and understood their messages.
Selectiving
the step in the listening process of choosing one sound over another when faced with competing stimuli.
Selective LIstening
listening that involves zeroing in only on bits of information that interest the listener, disregarding other messages or parts of messages.
Time-Oriented Listeners
communicators who are most concerned with efficiency; they prefer information that is clear and to the point.
Understanding
the step in the listening process of interpreting and making sense of messages.
hearing
the physiological process of perceiving sound
selecting
while talking on the phone with your friend, you are confronted with competing stimuli including the sounds of the television and your brother and sister playing a game in the living room. You choose the sound of your friend's voice over those other sounds. this process is...
attending
the step in the listening process where the listener focuses his or her attention on a particular message or sound
content-oriented listeners
critical listeners who carefully evaluate what they hear
action-oriented
Brad is thought of as a valuable number of his presentation group. During their meeting, he is usually the one who keeps the group focused on the task they are trying to accomplish rather than becoming sidetracked by gossip or irrelevant details
informational listening
during class, your goal as a listener is to comprehend the basic ideas, concepts, and theories communicated to you by your professors
critical listening
type of listening that would be most important for you to employ if you were at the car dealership listening to the salesperson as he attempted to sell you a vehicle
example of a listening barrier
multitasking interferes with listening
listening apprehension
the state of uneasiness, anxiety, fear, or dread associated with a listening opportunity
selective listening
when Jason and his roommate Adrian get into a minor disagreement over the charges on their cable bill, Jason is so certain that Adrian is trying to weasel out of paying for the on-demand movies he rented that he doesn't even hear Adrian when he asks whether it's possible Jason's cousin ordered the movies when she was visiting a few weeks earlier. Jason's listening behavior is...
insensitive listening
after a long and disappointing day at work, Jackie vents her frustration to her husband. "I can't believe I worked so hard for so long on this proposal and I'm not even going to get the chance to present it. I'll get no credit at all." Instead of hearing the frustration and hurt in her voice, Jackie's husband only hears the problem- instead of offering support, he offers her advice. "Next time you ought to get it in writing in advance that you'll get to make the pitch." Her husband's listening behavior is...
pseudolistening
You find yourself in a bind. You went to your sociology class to turn in your paper, but you still need to do a final review for the Spanish test in your next class. Ultimately, you end up making eye contact and nodding your head while your sociology professor lectures, but instead of listening you're reviewing Spanish vocab words in your head. This type of listening behavior is...
TRUE
hearing and listening are distinctly different activities
FALSE
listening is an involuntary passive activity
TRUE
responding is an important part of the listening process
TRUE
active listeners are considered by others to be more competent communicators overall
TRUE
content-oriented listeners prefer to listen to information from sources they perceive to be credible, and enjoy examining the information they receive from a variety of angles
FALSE
during a heart-to-heart conversation with a close friend, we could most likely be engaged in appreciative listening
TRUE
listening mistakes results in millions of dollars in losses for U.S. businesses every year.
TRUE
a room that is too hot or too cold may present environmental challenges that make it difficult for a person to listen well
TRUE
it is possible for those who are deaf to listen
FALSE
because most young people today have grown up surrounded by environmental distractions, they are able to multitask without a decline in their listening competence.
TRUE
many people experience listening apprehension, a state of anxiety, fear or dread associated with listening, and this can be a barrier to their communication competence
TRUE
preferences for how listeners should behave and respond vary according to culture
FALSE
women are better listeners than men are
TRUE
decoding messages over the telephone often requires more effort than would be required in a face-to-face interaction because we lack nonverbal cues such as facial expression, body movement, and eye behavior
___________ refers to the way that we engage in conflict and address disagreements with our relational partners.
Conflict
Which of the following would be considered to be an example of playing devil's advocate as part of a cooperative conflict management strategy?
Career advancement is going to require an advanced degree; what if you want to go back to school later but can't because you have a family to support?
Which of the following is NOT identified as a form of provocation?
passivity
You feel uncomfortable talking to your friend David about how frustrated you are that you've been forced to work a lot lately because David has been unemployed for that last six months. We would refer to your conflict avoidance behavior as:
communication boundary management
An atmosphere of mistrust, suspicion, and apprehension characterize which kind of communication climate?
defensive
When Christina brings home a low math grade on her report card, she is greeted at the door with a disapproving look from her mother. At the dinner table, both of her parents are silent as they eat, and neither responds to her comments about her day until she finally says, "I'm sorry I didn't do well in math this term!" Her father replies, "Why aren't you earning better grades?" Based on this information, what type of culture(s) would we infer that Christina lives within?
collectivist and high context
The posting of online messages that are deliberately hostile or insulting is referred to as __________.
flaming
After Marissa became frustrated with an insensitive comment Kevin made toward her, she excused herself and worked independently for the rest of the day. After work, she asked to switch shifts for the next few days so that she could have a bit of distance from him. What conflict management strategy did Marissa use?
escapist strategies
Which of the following is NOT identified as a cooperative strategy of conflict management?
using assertiveness to get what you need
Which of the following refers to asking questions that encourage specific and precise answers?
probing
All conflict should have a resolution.
FALSE
Gossip is considered a form of verbal aggression
TRUE
Conflict can have positive outcomes
TRUE
Incompetence can be categorized as a form of provocation leading to conflict.
TRUE
Power dynamics affect relationships in which there is an imbalance of power between partners.
TRUE
Conflict can exist in a relationship without either person acknowledging it
TRUE
Gender and culture rarely influence chosen conflict management strategies
FALSE
Research by John Gottman found that women tend to stonewall their partner more than men do.
FALSE
Posting hostile online messages to a more general group is referred to as cyberstalking.
FALSE
Playing devil's advocate is a challenging conflict management behavior
FALSE
A(n) _____________ is the web of relationships that connect individuals to one another.
relational network
Which of the following is NOT a common cause for the declining stage in a relationship?
uncertainty reduction
Which of the following love styles involves a friendship kind of love?
storge
Lee recently moved to the United States to attend school and has become close friends with many of the international students living on his floor. Recently, though, he's been trying to spend more time with native English speakers. He is probably seeking out these friends to accomplish which relationship function?
achieving goals
The attraction-similarity hypothesis suggests that:
the extent to which we project ourselves onto another person is the direct result of the attraction we feel for that person
_________ strategies for uncertainty reduction involve third-party questioning.
Active
Which of the following is NOT a dialectical tension mentioned in the textbook?
homophily versus difference
John is frustrated because he feels that after two years of dating, he and his girlfriend have fallen into a rut. Their relationship is comfortable, but he feels like they do the same things day after day. John's frustration most likely involves which dialectical tension?
predictability versus novelty
Which of the following explains how people develop relationships by sharing information that starts out basic and becomes increasingly more private?
social penetration theory
The _________ stage of a relationship is when partners become more intimate and move their communication toward more personal self-disclosure.
intensification
Ludus is described as selfless and compassionate love.
FALSE
Third-party mediation can aid in relationship repair.
TRUE
Relationships that form on the internet generally take longer to achieve intimacy than relationships that form face to face.
TRUE
Hyperpersonal communication involves less self-disclosure than personal communication.
FALSE
All relationships involve love.
FALSE
Physical attraction plays an important role in relationship formation.
TRUE
Social exchange theory focuses on levels of disclosure in relationship formation.
FALSE
Boundary turbulence occurs when privacy boundaries are breached.
TRUE
Strategic topic avoidance is always a poor form of communication
FALSE
In the exploratory stage, individuals begin disclosing meaningful, private information and sharing intimate experiences.
FALSE
Which of the following is NOT one of the ways nonverbal communication serves to reinforce verbal communication?
substituting
Which of the following is described as the physical space that affects our nonverbal communication?
public-private dimension
During a church service, you silently hold one finger up to your mouth to communicate nonverbally to your little brother that he must be quiet. What category of body movement are you using to communicate your message?
emblem
_____________ are nonverbal codes that help us manage our interactions in the back-and-forth flow of communication.
Regulators
Nonverbal behaviors that convey feelings, moods, and reactions are referred to as__________.
affect displays
Masking involves
replacing an expression that shows true feeling with an expression that shows appropriate feeling for a given interaction.
Standing about 18 inches to 4 feet from another person places you in their _________ zone
personal
Social-polite touch is best described as _________.
acknowledgment of the other person
_______ is the study of how people perceive the use of time and how they structure time in their relationships.
Chronemics
In contact cultures, members:
depend on touch as an important form of communication.
Nonverbal communication is often spontaneous and unintentional.
TRUE
The informal-formal dimension refers to our perceptions of personal and impersonal situations.
TRUE
When your little sister brings home the MVP trophy from her softball tournament, you say "good job" while simultaneously giving her a "thumbs up" sign. We would say that your nonverbal behavior was repeating your verbal message.
TRUE
Nonverbal behaviors rarely contradict verbal messages.
FALSE
Nonverbal communication creates a sense of immediacy.
TRUE
Illustrators reinforce verbal messages to help explain what is being said
TRUE
Making direct eye contact with another person is considered to be a sign of interest and respect throughout the world.
FALSE
Artifacts give little information about who we are as individuals
FALSE
Technology makes the communication of nonverbal codes more challenging.
TRUE
Nonverbal communication does not rely on contextual or situational cues as much as verbal communication does.
FALSE
The word cat is an arbitrary ________ that refers to a type of feline animal that people often keep as pets
symbol
Which of the following is NOT a general characteristic associated with female language use?
interruptions
_____________ refers to using abstract words that have unclear or misleading definitions to get out of an uncomfortable situationA) symbolic
Equivocation
The consistently held (dictionary) definition of a word is referred to as its __________ definition.
denotative
Jane says her cousin is big boned instead of saying she's overweight, obese, or fat because she understands that those other terms might have insulting connotations. What type of language abstraction is Jane using?
euphemism
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of language that can lead to miscommunication?
biased language
_______ are our various language possibilities, and we draw on them to find the most effective and appropriate language for a given relationship, situation, or cultural environment.
Speech repertoires
____________ refers to more formal, polite, or mainstream language.
High language
Which of the following is the best description of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
language shapes our thought
The theory that holds that speakers of different languages have different views of the world is ____________.
linguistic relativity
The cognitive language you use about someone affects your experiences with him or her.
T
In communicating via e-mail, text messages, tweets, and wall postings, nonverbal cues are removed, so language must be clear to be appropriate and effective.
T
Language is bound by the relationship in which it occurs
T
Communication acquisition involves learning to use language in various ways
T
While lower-level abstractions ensure clarity, we sometimes use high-level abstractions to accomplish specific communication goals
T
Jargon is an informal form of language that is known to most people in a particular culture at a particular time.
F
High language frequently involves slang or jargon and is used in informal environments.
F
Language differences between men and women are often exaggerated.
T
Qualifiers, hedges, and disclaimers cause women to appear more powerful
F
By code switching, we actually hurt our chances of accommodating to another person
T
communication processing
in which we interpret experience and come to unique understandings
stimuli qualification
based on intensity, size, movement, relevance, and our attitude
schemas
mental structures that put together relative bits of information; chunks of info form patterns to make patterns
mindlessness
processing information passively
selective perception
your mind changes what's actually there
undue influence
stereotyping based on appearance
attributions
reason that people make up to determine why a person acts a certain way
internal attribution
attribute an action to the person's personality (ex. Caleb is a jerk)
external attribution
attributing an action to the person's situation (ex. Caleb has a stressful job)
fundamental attribution error
our tendency to overemphasize the internal and underestimate the external causes of behavior in others
self-serving bias
attributing our own successes to internal reasons and our failures to external reasons
cultural myopia
a belief that your own culture is relevant to all cultures and that everyone should follow it.
stereotyping
the act of fitting individuals into an existing schema without knowing the person
prejudice
a deep-seated feeling of unkindness and ill will towards particular groups
self-concept
an awareness and an understanding of who we are based on our thoughts, actions, abilities, values, goals, and ideals; developed by social interaction
social comparison theory
basing ourselves on other people
self-esteem
refers to how we feel about ourselves in a particular situation; based on attitudes of your self-concept
self-efficacy
ability to predict actual success based on your self-concept and self-esteem
self-fulfilling prophecy
changing your actions based on inaccurate self-efficacy
self-actualization
feelings and thoughts you get when you have negotiated a communication situation well; increases self-esteem with each victory
self-adequacy
feelings and thoughts you get when you perform negotiation well or adequately, increases self-improvement or satisfaction with each victory
self-denigration
feelings and thoughts you get when you place undue importance on your weaknesses and shortcomings; leads to no self-improvement
self-presentation
how we let others know about ourselves (ex. with a song, through e-mail, face-to-face, etc.)
self-monitoring
watching the environment to try to find the best way to present ourselves
self-disclosure
revealing yourself to others by sharing information about yourself
communication
using symbols, signs and behaviors to exchange information
functions of communication
expressing communication, achieving goals, influence others
symbolic
communication that is linked to language (code), culture, and pictures
transactional process
the process of sending and receiving information, cannot be reversed
arbritary symbols
has no divine meaning (ex. skull-bone sign means deadly, radioactive area, etc)
code
a set of symbols that are joined to create a meaningful message
culture
the shared beliefs, values, and practices of a group of people
unintentional communicatoin
can occur from bodily reactions like blushing, and leg jerking
channel
the method through which communication occurs (ex. in person, internet forum, etc.)
competent communicator
can communicate effectively and can adapt to the situation at hand
process
measured by the methods the person took to reach their outcome
outcome
the final product of an interchange
linear model
there is a sender and a receiver; noise (visual, audible, etc.) is in between them
interaction model
there is constant feedback between the sender and receiver
competent communication model
simultaneous encoding and decoding occurs between two entities; transaction is ubiquitous but differs with channels
relational context
communication that changes based on the relationship between the sender and the receiver
situational context
a variable that has to do with the situation at hand (where you are, events taking place, etc.)
cultural context
culture is an omnipresent force that encompasses all models
Group
is a collection of more than two people who have a shared identity
Primary groups
long-standing and meaningful groups, such as family groups
specific function groups include
support, social, problem-solving, study and focus groups
team
is a task-oriented group
self-directed work team
is a group with responsibility for producing high quality finished work
groups develop through 5 specific stages:
forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning
cliques
small sub-groups will emerge making communication more challenging
countercoalition
a sub-group position against another sub-group may leave unaffiliated members in an awkward position
social loafing
giving less effort
networks
patterns of interaction governing who speaks with whom in a group
chain network
info is passed from one member to the next instead of everybody
all-channel network
all members are equidistant and all interact with each other
wheel network
one individual is the touchstone for the others
cohesion
how tightly the group members have bonded, helps hold the group together in a face of adversity
task roles
involve accomplishment of goals and include information giver, info seeker, elaborator, initiator, and administrator
social roles
evolve based on personality traits and members interests and include a harmonizer, gate keeper and sensor
anti-group roles
put individual needs above group needs and include blocker, avoider, recognition-seeker and distractor
role conflict
arises when expectation for behavior are incompatible
groupthink
occurs when members minimize conflict by refusing to critically examine ideas and test solutions
culture
a learned system of thought and behavior that belongs to and typifies a relatively large group of people
intercultural communication
communication between people of different culture who have different worldviews
high-context cultures
the meaning and the interpretation of messages is clouded by contextual cues like time
low-context cultures
uses direct language to get the message across
collectivist cultures
perceive themselves as members of a group, has group honor and status
individualist cultures
value autonomy and privacy
uncertainty avoidance
a culture's tendency to be anxious about the unknown; ex. High uncertainty avoidance follow social roles and be submissive
masculine culture
places values on achievement, ambition, and competitiveness
feminine culture
places values on relationships and the quality of life
power distance
the way a culture accepts and expects the division of power among individuals
time orientation
the way cultures communicate about and with time
monochronic cultures
treat time as a limited resource
polychronic cultures
do not like appointments and are patient
hyperbole
cultures that encourage emotional release
understatement
cultures that discourage emotional outburst
ingroups
groups that we feel we belong to
outgroups
groups that we don't belong to
ethnocentrism
belief in the superiority of your own culture and a tendency to view other cultures through the lenses of your own
discrimination
behavior towards a person or group based solely on their membership in a particular group
denotative meaning
widely accepted definition, found in the dictionary
connotative meaning
the emotional or attitudinal response people have to it (ex. Curse words)
abstraction
low abstraction
low abstraction
more specific
high abstraction
less specific
evasion
avoiding providing specific details (ex. Not telling the whole truth)
equivocation
using words that have unclear of misleading definitions
euphemisms
inoffensive words or phrases that substitite offensive words
slang
language that is informal and particular to a group
jargon
technical language that is specific tomembers of a given proffesion or hobby
disclaimers
making a suggest in a way so that you won't be held accountable for it
qualifiers
undecisive language
tag questions
asking people for approval on your thoughts
hedges
I feel it should look like this
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
a claim that the words a culture uses influence thinking
nonverbal communication
a form of communication that is spontaneous, ambiguous, and more believable compared to verbal communication
intrinsic
tied to emotions
kinesics
the aspects of gestures and body movements that send nonverbal messages
oculesics
study of the use of eyes to communicate (not making eye contact is rude or you are lying)
proxemics
the study of how closeness relates to communication (personal space)
haptics
the study of how touch relates to communication (ex. Handshakes are different from hugs and touching a waist)
paralanguage
the sound other than our words that comes out of our mouths (ex. pitch, tone, volume)
vocalization
sound that comes out of our mouths that is not part of our spoken language (ex. Yawning, crying, sighing)
artifacts
things that we attach to our body that gives off NV communication (ex. A nice dress, good haircut, sneakers)
territoriality
the claiming of an area (ex. Cats scratching an area)
chronemics
the study of how people perceive the use of time (ex. Being late says you are a lazy bum)
emblems
movements that directly translate to a verbal cue (ex. Holding x amount of fingers means you have 3 fathers)
illustrators
reinforce verbal messages and help visually explain what is being said (fish was THIS big)
regulators
help manage our interactions (raising hand means I want something, holding hand to button means I want to use something)
adaptors
satisfy some physical or psychological need (ex. Rubbing eyes when tired)
affect displays
signify current mood and feelings (ex. Slumping chair, thumbs up, dancing)
friendship
a close and caring relationship shared between two people that is percieverd as mutally satisfying and beneficial
availability
making time for each other
caring
feelings of concern for the hapiness and well-being of each other
honesty
being open and truthful with each other
trust
being honest and maintaining confidentiality
loyalty
maintaining relationships despite disagreements and framing differences as positive
empathy
communication the ability to feel what each other is feeling and experiencing
love
a deep affection for and the attachemt to another person involving emotional ties, with varying degress of passion, commitment, and intimacy
eros
beauty
ludus
excitement and entertainment (more sex than beauty)
storge
peacefulness and slowness (Hank Hill)
pragma
deed,task, work (practical reasons for love)
mania
elation and depression (it's a spark that only happened because of an event)
agape
compassion and selfishness (one sided love, unconditional love)
social exchange theory
explains how we balance the advantages and disadvantages in a relationship
rewards
good things about a relationship
costs
bad things about a relationship
uncertainty reduction theory
a relationship priority is to decrease the uncertainty between partners
passive strategies
stalking
active strategies
asking information about the target from a third party
interactive strategies
asking them out
relational dialectics theory
we weigh out our feelings about the relationship
autonomy vs. connection
the amount of freedom a person has (you can't go out tonight)
openness vs closedness
the amount of feelings you want to share
predicability vs novelty
wheter somoene wants excitement or practicality
social penetration theory
people have layers and the best way to have a relationship is to peel the layers (ogres are like onions!)