a true positive in utilitarian reasoning for capital punishment
It works as an individual deterrent.
How many black high school dropouts are prisoners or ex-convicts by the time they reach their mid thirties?
60%
What gave women the right to vote?
The Nineteenth Amendment
What category of argument is a case for affirmative action based on justice?
Nonconsequentialist
What makes something a right (as opposed to a wrong)?
A right is a strong and legitimate claim that can be made by a claimant against someone
Sentience is the ability to
To feel pleasure and pain
All of the following are examples of types of affirmative action except:
firing or laying-off employees to achieve a closer race-balance
The two racisms distinguished by Appiah are
intrinsic and extrinsic
By June, 2010 there had been ________ convicts who were found innocent due to DNA testing
254
The Principle of Equality states
B. That everyone should be treated equally unless there are relevant differences which justify differential treatment
Who holds the view that animals' interests are the basis for their having rights and rights that are equal to humans?
Peter Singer
To argue that animals have rights is to appeal to
Natural law
Steinbock argues that
Animals are different from human beings since they do not possess responsibility, reciprocity, and self-respect
What is meant by "lex talionis"?
An "eye for an eye
About how many animals are used for experiments each year in the US?
15 million
What is required for an egalitarian retributivist?
That the punishment should equal the crime
What distinguishes an interest from a right?
Having an interest in something is to have a consciousness of that thing and to want it
bona Fide Occupational Qualification is
A qualification which allows for preferences in race or gender in hiring
What is Steinbock's view of animals?
Steinbock holds that animals need neither be treated as equal to humans nor to be given equal weight in terms of interests
What does the M'Naughton Rule say?
According to this rule, people are not responsible for their actions if they did not know what they were doing or did not know it was wrong
Which of our moral theories is most likely to be used in support of the retribution argument for capital punishment?
Categorical imperative
What did the Supreme Court rule in Gregg v. Georgia in 1976?
It ruled that the death penalty did not violate the Eighth Amendment
The fact that having capital punishment "on the table" causes many people to confess to crimes in order to have death "taken off the table" is what kind of ethical reasoning?
Utilitarianism
Affirmative action plans must be adopted by
All companies that have more than 50 employees and receive federal money
According to Joel Feinberg, what is it about nonhuman animals that makes them capable of rights?
The fact that animals have an inner life, conscious wishes, desires, and hopes
How many Americans have physical disabilities?
43 million
Which country has the highest incarceration rate in the world
United States
The last execution by hanging took place in
Delaware
To suggest that capital punishment is a different moral question for nomadic peoples living in tents or other temporary shelters than for societies with maximum-security prisons is what kind of reasoning?
Relativism
Peter Singer argues that
Equal treatment does not imply identical treatment
Who cites Mary Wollstonecraft in arguing that "animal liberation" was once parodied, much like the case for women's rights?
Peter Singer
What did Jeremy Bentham think we need to know to assess the moral status of animals?
Whether or not they can suffer
Studies show capital crime rates in states that regularly execute compared with states that do not have capital punishment is
About 40% higher
What philosopher thought animals were machines devoid of an inner sense of consciousness?
Descartes
What year was the Civil Rights Act passed?
1964
Animal experimentation appeals to ________ reasoning?
Utilitarian
The cost of life in prison without parole compared to an execution is
Significantly lower
When was the first Animal Welfare Act passed in the United States?
1966
Of the hate crimes reported in 2011, were racially motivated.
47%
What is true of Steffen's argument regarding capital punishment?
that current executions do not meet the criteria of a justified death penalty
What constitutional amendment contains the equal protection clause?
The Fourteenth Amendment
National news magazines and television shows show blacks in stories about poverty about _______% of the time?
62
What two mechanisms make up the deterrence argument?
That the purpose of legal punishment is to prevent people from breaking the law and it deters them from doing so, or both
What was ruled in Brown vs. Board of Education?
That "separate but equal" is inherently unequal
What is the idea of restorative justice?
Responding to crime by allowing criminals to take responsibility and make amends to society