The sum of all biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called
Metabolism
Cells synthesize new organic components for which of the following reasons
Produce secretions, structural maintenance, store nutrients, growth&repair
What percent of energy released from catabolism is lost as heat
60
About 40 percent of the energy content of nutrients is captured as ATP. The remainder is lost as
heat
Which of the following processes represents catabolism
Endocytosis, contraction intracellular transport
Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration
Glycolysis-acetyl CoA- Citric acid cycle-electron transport chain
Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell
glycolysis
In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain
mitochondrion
Which statemtne describes glycolysis
this process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose
Which Statement describes the citric acid cycle
this process produces some ATP and CO2 in the mitochondrion
Which statement describes the electron transport chain
This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration
The function of the citric acid cycle is to
remove Hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes
In the ETS ___ accepts electrons from one molecule and transfers them to another
Coenzyme
In order for glycolysis to proceed, which of the following need not be present
acetyl-CoA
The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during
The citric acid cycle
In glycolysis each molecule of glucose that is catabolized gives a net yield of how many molecules of ATP
2
The strategy of eating starchy foods for several days before an athletic event is known as
Carbohydrate loading
How many net ATP molecules are produced by the complete metabolism of one glucose molecule
36 ATP
What is the role of NADH in metabolism
transport hydrogen atoms to coenzymes
The citric acid cycle occurs in the
mitcochondrial matrix
Hydrogen atoms from one FADH2 from the citric acid cycle produce how much ATP in the electron transport system
2 ATP
When NAD+ is ____ it becomes NADH When NADH is ___ it becomes NAD+
Reduced, Oxidized
The citric acid cycle is an aerobic process because
Oxygen is needed to remove carbon atoms as CO2
The end products of aerobic respiration are
CO2, H2Oand ATP
The process of synthesizing glucose from noncarohydrates is called
Gluconeogenesis
The process of glycogen formation is known as
Glycogenesis
Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of ___ from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as lactate, glycerol or amino acids
Glucose
Fatty acids and many amino acids cannot be used for ___ because their catabolic pathways produce acetyl-CoA
Gluconeogenesis
Glycolysis yields two molecules of pyruvate. Which of the following statements best describes what next happens to pyruvate
In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate enters a mitochondrion
Which of these is not required for glycolysis
Pyruvic acid
What is the basis for the unfortunate labeling of low density lipoproteins as "bad
During transit, cholesterol transported by LDLs to peripheral tissues may contribute to atherosclerosis
All of the following are true of beta-oxidation except that
lipids are converted into glycogen molecules
Lipids
provide energy for cells with modest energy demands
In the human body, cholesterol is important because it
helps waterproof epidermis, lipid component of all cell membranes, is precurser of several steroid hormones and vitamin D3 and is a key constituent of bile
In order to determine the LDL level in a patient's blood, it is necessary to measure
Total cholesteral, HDL and triglyceride
___ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver
High density lipoproteins
Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot by synthesized by the body are called __ fatty acids
Essential
Lipoproteins that carry mostly cholesterol to peripheral tissues are called
low density lipoproteins
By keeping the other two variables constant and changing only one at a time, which of the following would have the greatest effect in reducing LDL levels
reducing cholesterol levels
Which of the following statements is not true about beta-oxidations
lipid molecules are converted into glucose molecules
What exactly is the link between the extra glycogyn associated with carbohydrate loading and enhanced performance in endurance sports
The extra glycogen serves as a reservoir for glucose which serves as the main fuel molecule for increased cellular respiration, resulting in more available ATP
Removal of the amino groups from amino acids in the first step of their catabolism requires a coenzyme derived from vitamin
B6
In transamination the amino group of an amino acid is
transferred to a keto acid
The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces
urea
urea is formed in the
liver
A high uric acid level can lead to the painful condition known as
gout
Catabolism of protein is not a practical source of quick energy because of all the following except that
most individuals have little protein to spare before harming vital organs
The inherited metabolic disorder that results from the accumulation of phenylketones from phenylalanine is
phenylketonuria
The amino group that is removed from an amino acid during deamination is converted to the less toxic form of
urea
The enzyme that removes the amino group from amino acid requires a co enzyme derived from vitamin
B6
Which of the following describes the absorbative state
Triglyceride levels are high in the blood stream and blood sugar is high
Which of the following chemicals builds up in the blood stream as a result of lipid or amino acid metabolism in the liver during the postabsorbative state
ketone bodies
Which hormone drives the most pathways in the absorbative state
insulin
All of the following occur during the postabsorptive state except that
levels of blood glucose are elevates
During starvation
muscle proteins are used as an energy source
The presence of ketone bodies in the urine is known as
ketonuria
Compounds that cells can use to make glucose include all of the following except
acetyl-CoA
Which of these is not likely to occur during the postabsorptive state
The liver producing more glycogen
The condition where blood pH drops because of ketone bodies in the blood is called
ketoacidosis
When an individual absorbs more nitrogen than he or she excretes, he or she is said to be in what state?
Postitive nitrogen balance
Justine's diet is lacking vitamin A, a fat-soluble vitamin. What are the other fat-soluble vitamins?
vitamin D, E, K
Why do water-soluble vitamins not commonly pose the same threat?
Water-soluble vitamins are not absorbed and stored within adipocytes.
Nitrogen compounds of the body include all of the following except
oxaloacetate
The major cation in extracellular fluid is
sodium
The major cation in cytoplasm is
potassium
A cation that is essential for muscle contraction, nerve function and blood clotting is
calcium
The major anion in body fluids is
chloride
An ion that is a necessary component of high energy compounds and nucleic acids and a structural component of the bone is the
phosphate ion
A cation that often acts as a cofactor for enzymes is
magnesium
An element that is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin and cytochromes is
iron
The element that is necessary for the proper function of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase is
zinc
The trace element needed as a cofactor for hemoglobin snythesis is
copper
The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin
A
The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium abroption and retention is vitamin
D
The vitamin that prevents breakdown of vitamin A and fatty acids is vitamin
E
The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin
K
The vitamin whose deficiency causes beriberi is
thiamine
The vitamin that is part of the coenzymes FAD is
riboflavin
The vitamin obtained that is a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is
pyridoxine
The vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A is
panthothenic acid
The vitamin that is a coenzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism is
folic acid
Impaired fat aborption in the intestine would interefere with vitamin
A
A ___ protein contains all of the essential amnio acids
complete
A ___ protein is deficient in one or more of the essential amino acids
incomplete
Inorganic ions released through dissociation of electrolytes are called
minerals
Which of the following compounds contains NO nitrogen
ketoacids
Factors that influence an individuals basal metabolic rate include all of the following except
physical exhaustion
The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are
fats
In an environment that is cooler than your body, you lease heat in a process called
radiation
Which of the following individuals would lose heat the FASTEST in a cold room
Newborn infant
More than half the heat is lost fro the body indoors through the process of
radiation
The energy content of foods is commonly given in units of
kilocalories
The direct transfer of heat energy from one object to another through physical contact is called
conduction
Heat loss to the cooler air that moves across the sruface of the body is
convection
the loss of heat energy by vaporizing water is called
evaportation
Which of these is not expected when the temperature of the preoptic area of the hypothalamos decrease
inhibition of TRH release
Sweating produces heat loss largely by
Evaporative cooling