Intelligence
The ability to solve problems and to adapt to and learn from experiences
(Also creativity and interpersonal skills)
+Intelligence is inherited to some extent but its refinement is vital
+People with exact same DNA have higher correlations of intelligence
Intelligence Tests (Children)
The Binet Tests
Alfred Binet
Intended to distinguish low ability children with high ability children
The Stanford-Binet Tests
Stanford University
First test to assess intelligence and see that it does help people follow the normal curve
The Wechsler Scale
The Binet Tests
(Alfred Binet was asked to devise a method of identifying children in 1904 by the French Ministry of Education)
Intended to distinguish low ability children with high ability children
[Mental age/ chronological age x 100]
If below 100 then you are mentall
The Stanford-Binet Tests
First test to assess intelligence and see that it does help follow the normal curve
-Administered to people aged 2 through adult.
-Some require verbal responses, others nonverbal responses
Looks at traditional intelligence (NOT creativity or interpersonal
Mental Age (MA)
An individual's level of mental development relative to others
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
An individual's mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100; devised in 1912 by William Stern
Normal Distribution
A symmetrical distribution with a majority of the cases falling in the middle of the possible range of scores and few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range
The Wechsler Scales
Used primarily for children
Overall IQ score and several composite indexes:
-Verbal Comprehension Index
-Working Memory Index
-Processing Speed Index
The number of the responses and the depths of the responses are calculated.
Educational psychologists pre
Use & Misuse of Intelligence Tests
Used to find out where a person is RIGHT NOW
When most people get a number they often pigeon-hole themselves into that calculated intelligence despite the ability to augment/depreciate their intelligence
Being of average intelligence is more than adequate
Theories of Multiple Intelligence*
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
Howard Gardner's Eight Frames of Mind
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Theory that intelligence comes in three forms: analytical, creative, and practical
(often used together)
Analytical:
analytical thinking and abstract reasoning (IQ test/ book smart)
Creative:
problem solving in unique ways/ artists
Practical:
social skill
Howard Gardner's Eight Frames of Mind
Strengths people have for getting through their world
(VMS-BMI-IM)
1. Verbal skills
(Ex. authors, journalists, speakers)
2. Mathematical skills
(Ex. scientists, engineers, accountants)
3. Spatial skills
(Ex. architects, artists, sailors)
4. Bodily-kinesth
Emotional Intelligence
The ability to perceive and express emotions accurately and adaptively, to understand emotion and emotional knowledge, to use feelings to facilitate thought, and to manage emotions in oneself and others
Staying calm when need be. (Ex. Car accidents/ when
The Flynn Effect
Average is higher than it used to be. (+ 20 average)
We have greater access to more information and a better education system (everyone goes to school or at least starts)
Group Comparisons
Cross-Cultural Comparisons
Cultural Bias in Testing
(Ex. Milkman was urban norm in US)
+Able to answer what a milkman was
+People in rural areas don't know what a milkman is
+Why researchers try to get overarching terms to apply to all demographics
Ethnic
Tests of Infant Intelligence
The Gesell Test
The Bayley Scales of Infant Development
(Scores on the Gesell Bayley scales do not correlate highly with IQ scores obtained later in childhood)
The Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence
Heritability
The fraction of the variance in a population that is attributed to genetics
Arnold Gesell
-Developed measure that served as clinical tool to help sort out potentially normal babies from abnormal ones
-4 Categories (motor/ language/ adaptive/ personal-social)
-The developmental quotient (DQ) combines subscores in these categories to provide an
Culture-Fair Tests
Intelligence tests that aim to avoid cultural bias
Developmental Quotient (DQ)
An overall developmental score that combines subscores on motor, language, adaptive, and personal-social domains in the Gesell assessment of infants
Bayley Scales of Infant Development
[Nancy Bayley]
These scales are widely used in assessing infant development. The current version has five scales: cognitive, language, motor, socioemotional, and adaptive
3 Main Components:
Mental Scale
Motor Scale
Infant Behavior Profile
The Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence
Focuses on infant's ability to process information
-Elicits similar performances from infants in different cultures
-Correlates with measures of intelligence in older children
-Measures of habituation (boredom) and dishabituation (interest) predict later
Intellectual Disability
A condition of limited mental ability to which the individual (1) has a low IQ, usually below 70 on a traditional intelligence test; (2) has difficulty adapting to everyday life; and (3) has an onset of these characteristics by age 18
Mental Retardation
Condition of limited mental ability
Levels of help:
MOST
( Pervasive, Extensive, Limited, Intermittent)
LEAST
Giftedness*
Possession of above-average intelligence (an IQ of 130 or higher) and/or superior talent for something
3 criteria that characterize gifted children, whether in art, music, or academic domains:
-Precocity
-Marching to their own drummer
-Passion to master
U
Creativity
The ability to think in novel and unusual ways and come up with unique solutions to problems
(Creativity and analytical intelligence are not the same thing)
Divergent Thinking
Thinking that produces many answers to the same question; characteristic of creativity
When one stimulus leads to different ideas (creative)
Convergent Thinking
Thinking that produces one correct answer; characteristic of the kind of thinking required on conventional intelligence tests
When many stimuli lead to one idea (analytical)
Brainstorming
A technique in which children are encouraged to come up with creative ideas, and say practically whatever comes to mind
Growth Mindset
Teaches kids that they can take risks and its okay (praise kids on effort over outcome)
(Ex. "I love that you worked so hard"//"Wow that's a lot of purple! Why did you use it?")