Conservatives
limited government and cautious about change pro-military, support gun control, support school prayer, sanctity on marriage
Liberals
favoring government action and viewing change as progresspro-choice, support gay marriage, support gun control
Socialism
decisions are made by the politicians and state owns the property
Social Democracy
capitalist economy and government supports equality and property is privately owned
Political System Types
authoritarian and non-authoritarian
Authoritarian
state holds all the power and can take various forms-God (theocracy)-State (fascism)-Individual (monarchy)-Ruling Class (oligarchy)
Non-authoritarian
anarchy (absence of laws and government) and democracy (rule by the people)
Elite Democracy
democracy where citizens are limited to choosing among competing leaders
Pluralist Democracy
democracy where citizen membership in groups is they key to political power
Participatory Democracy
democracy where citizens should actively and directly control all aspects of the lives
People as Subjects
state has all the power, citizens have obligations to the state, and people must follow orders
People as Citizens
have rights and can run for office
Citizenship
born in one of the fifty states/ American territory or through naturalization
5 Requirements for Naturalization
1. must be 18 or older2. be a permanent resident for 5 years3. be of good moral character4. be able to read, write, and speak basic English5. have basic knowledge of U.S history
Social Contract
people give up their rights in exchange for protection of certain rights from the government
Institutions
organizations in which governmental power is exercised
Economic Systems
capitalism, socialism, and social democracy
Capitalism
laissez-faire and regulated
Laissez-Faire
no government role and people do as they wish
Regulated Capitalism
allows the government to intervene and regulate the economy while still giving the people freedoms
Values
central ideas, principles, or standards that most people agree are important
Political Culture
the broad pattern of ideas. beliefs, and values about citizens and government held by a population
Immigrants
citizens of subjects of another country who move to another country to live or work
Economics
production and distribution of a society's material resources and services
Miller Test
asks if the work "depicts or describes in an offensive way of sexual conduct
SLAPS Test
whether the work, taken as a whole lacks "serious, literary, artistic, political, or scientific value
First Amendment
freedom of press, religion, assembly and petition
Second Amendment
right to bear arms
Fourth Amendment
search and seizure
Fifth Amendment
due process of law
Sixth Amendment
right of persons on trial on crimes
Eighth Amendment
avoid cruel and unusual punishment
Prior Restraint
censorship of or punishment for the expression of ideas are printed or spoken
Libel
written defamation of character
Politics
who gets what, when, and how
Power
the ability to get others to do what you want
How do you know if you have power?
prevent someone from doing something they would normally do, make someone do something they would not do, and influence how others think
Politics and Government
government is the system or organization that exercises the authority over a group of people
Rules
directives that specify how resources will be distributed or what procedures govern collective activity
Economic Liberals
those who favor expanded government role in the economy, but a limited role in the social order
Economic Conservatives
those who favor a strictly procedural government role in the economy and the social order
Libertarians
those who favor a minimal government role in any sphere
Social Conservatives
those who endorse limited government control of the economy, but considerable government intervention
Social Liberals
those who favor greater control of the economy and the social order
French and Indian War
war fought between England and France, where England had to tax the colonists to pay for the war. As a result, the first continental congress was formed
Sugar Act 1764
tax on sugar
Townshend Acts 1767
tax on good imported from England
Tea Act 1773
tax on tea; Boston Tea Party
Boston Tea Party
colonists dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor and as a result, the coercive acts were passed
Articles of Confederation
states got one vote, proceedings were secretCongress could NOT;-draft military-regulate commerce-tax
Shays Rebellion
led by Daniel Shays from Massachusetts, where a bunch of farmers protested against the government
Virginia Plan
bicameral legislature, strengthened power of national government, and the members of the lower chamber were apportioned by the population. favored large states
New Jersey Plan
unicameral legislature, equal representation regardless of population, and state legislature picked the delegates
Connecticut Compromise
bicameral legislature, lower chamber (House of Representatives) was based on population, and the upper chamber (Senate) based on equality
3/5 Compromise
the formula for creating five slaves as three people for the purposes of representation of the slaves
Legislative Branch
makes the laws
Executive Branch
executes" the law
Judicial Branch
interprets the law
Separation of Powers
assigns each branch a different person or group
Checks and Balances
the principle that allows each branch to exercise some form of control over the other branches
Federalists
supporters of the constitution who favored a strong central government
Anti-Federalists
advocates of states' rights and opposed the constitution
The Federalist Papers
85 essays written in support of the Constitution for its ratification
Federalist #10
written by Madison and discussed how factions were dangerous
Federalism
a political system in which power is divided between the state and federal government
Dual Federalism
the federal system under which the national and state governments are responsible for separate policy areas
Cooperative Federalism
the federal system under which the national and state government share responsibilities for most domestic policy areas
Necessary and Proper Clause
constitutional authorization for Congress to make any law required to carry out its powers
Reserved Powers
states may regulate behavior and enforce order for general wealth, health, safety, and morals of citizens
Concurrent Powers
includes taxing, borrowing/spending money, establishing court systems, and regulating elections
Writ of Habeas Corpus
individuals convicted of a crime have the right to go before a judge and answer charges
Supremacy Clause
Constitution and laws made under its provisions are the supreme law of the land; when the state and national laws conflict, the national laws will be followed
McCulloh vs. Maryland
happened in 1819; did Congress have the power to charter a bank and did Maryland have the power to tax that bank
Gibbons vs. Ogden
happened in 1824; about interstate business
Dred Scott vs. Sanford
a black man who lived in a free territory and lived of good character and then was considered not a person
Categorical Grants
federal funds provided for a specific purpose, restricted by instructions, regulations, and compliance standards
Block Grants
federal funds provided for a broad purpose unrestricted by detailed requirements and regulations
Unfunded Mandates
a federal order for mandating that states operate and pay for a program created at the national level
Civil Liberties
individual freedoms guaranteed to the people primarily by the Bill of Rights
Habeas Corpus
the right of an accused person to be brought before a judge and informed of the charges and evidence against him or her
Bill of Attainder
laws under which specific persons or groups are detained and sentenced without trial
Ex Post Facto Law
laws that criminalize an action after it occurs
Sedition
speech that criticizes the government
Ideas Uniting Americans
1. Democracy- fair way of making decisions2. Freedom-guaranteed civil liberties3. Equality-everyone has an equal chance of opportunity
Ideology
sets of beliefs about politics and society that help people make sense of their world
Unitary System
the government holds all the power
Confederal System
states hold the power
Federal System
sharing of power between state and government
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