dyspnea

a feeling of difficult labored breathing

ischemia

a decrease in the blood supply to a bodily organ, tissue, or part caused by constriction or obstruction of the blood vessels

myocardial infarction

(heart attack), occurs when an area of the heart muscle is deprived of oxygen and tissue death occurs

chronic heart failure

the inability of the heart to deliver adequate amounts of blood to the tissues of the body

cardiac arrhythmia

irregular electric activity of the heart

atherosclerosis

a condition characterized by a reduced opening in the blood vessels

informed consent process

process whereby the individual participating in the exercise test is made aware of and understands the purposes, risks, and benefits associated with the test or exercise program

osteoporosis

condition of decreased bone mass, occurs when the normal replenishment of bone tissue is severely disrupted

osteopenia

a condition of bone in which decreased calcification, decreased density, or reduced mass occurs

type 1 diabetes

an insufficient amount of insulin produced by the beta cells of the pancreas

type 2 diabetes

insulin resistance in tissues, but there may also be some impairment of normal beta cell function

rating of perceived exertion (RPE)

a subjective assessment of how hard an individual feels he/she is working

body composition

body mass index, waist and hip circumference measurements, skinfold measurements, bioelectric impedance

cardiovascular-respiratory fitness

maximal and submaximal GXT using treadmill, cycle ergometer, or box stepping

muscular strength

one repetition maximum in the bench press or leg press

muscular endurance

maximum number of repetitions performed with a set amount of weight in the bench press or leg press

flexibility

sit and reach test

cardiovascular system (acute)

increases in heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, blood pressure, and a redirection of blood flow to the working tissues of the body

pulmonary system (acute)

increases in air movement into and out of the lungs and increased blood flow through the lungs

muscular system (acute)

increases in force production, utilization and production of energy, and heat production

endocrine system (acute)

increases in the release of epinephrine and nonepinephrine

cardiovascular system (chronic)

increases in stroke volume and cardiac output and decreases in heart rate at the same absolute workload

pulmonary system (chronic)

improved air movement into and out of the lungs and increased blood flow through the lungs at the same absolute workload

muscular system (chronic)

increased energy production from fat and decreased lactic acid formation at the same absolute workload

endocrine system (chronic)

decreased release of epinephrine and norepinephrine at the same absolute workload

diabetes (benefits of exercise)

improved blood glucose control; improved fitness; reduction in body fat; reduction in stress

hyperlipidemia (benefits of exercise)

improvement in blood lipid profile

obesity (benefits of exercise)

reduction in body weight and percent body fat; improvement in fitness

metabolic syndrome (benefits of exercise)

reduction in body weight and percent body fat; improvement in fitness; improvement in blood lipid profile; improved blood glucose control

arthritis (benefits of exercise)

improvement in fitness; decreased joint swelling and pain

osteoporosis (benefits of exercise)

improvement in fitness; slowing of the age-related decline in bone mass

muscular dystrophy (benefits of exercise)

improvement in strength and functional capacity

multiple sclerosis (benefits of exercise)

improvement in short-term physical fitness and functional performance

cerebral palsy (benefits of exercise)

improved fitness; increased sense of well-being