vowel
speech sound made with the mouth open
consonant
speech sound made with the mouth closed
closed syllable
syllable formed by 1 vowel directly followed by at least 1 consonant and has a short sound
Closed syllable exception
Historical pattern in which 1 vowel is closed in by 2 consonants but has a long sound, ild,ind, old, olt, ost
consonant digraph
2 consonants that make 1 sound, ch, ck, sh, th, wh, ph
blend
2 or more consonants that work together but keep their own sounds, st, mpt
digraph blend
a consonant digraph combined with a third consonant that keeps its own sound, shr, thr, nch
-ck spelling rule
spell the sound /k/ as ck at the end of a one syllable short vowel word
K spelling rule
Spell /k/ as k before the vowels e, y and i. Kids eat yummy ice cream!
FSZL rule
At the end of a one syllable, short vowel word, double the f, s, l, and sometimes z
chicken letter
qu
letter that can say /s/ or /z/
s
single letter that says /ks/
x
suffix
A letter or group of words placed at the end of a base word to change its meaning.
base word
A complete word that can stand alone, to which affixes are added
affix that says /id/ after words ending in t or d; means past tense
-ed
affix that meaning action is happening now
-ing
plural
more than one; spelled as -s or -es after ch, sh, s, x and z
-es
plural ending after ch, sh, s,x and z
vowel-consonant-e syllable
syllable ends in one vowel, one consonant, and a final e - the final e is silent - the vowel is long (cake, five, athlete, rope, cube)
a-e, a
pattern which spells long a
e-e, e, y at the end of 2 or more syllables
pattern which spells long e
o-e, o
pattern which spells long o
I-e, I, y at end of one syllable
pattern which spells long i
u-e, u
pattern which spells long u or /oo/
Common schwa pattern 1
a at the end of an open syllable
open syllable
word or syllable which ends in a vowel, usually has a long sound.
Common schwa pattern 2
i in the middle of a word in an unstressed syllable; ex: pres-i-dent
-ed after voiced syllable
affix that says /d/ after voiced syllables; means past tense
-ed after unvoiced syllable
affix that says /t/ after voiced syllables; means past tense
-CLe
final stable syllable; count back 3 to divide from previous syllable
-stle
CLe exception ; says /sl/; t is silent vowel protector to keep previos syllable shortl
c followed by e, y, i
/s/; also called soft c
g followed by e, y, or i
/j/; also called soft g
ph
Greek form of /f/
dge
/j/ at the end of a one syllable short vowel word; d is short vowel protector, trigraph
-tch
/ch/ at the end of a one syllable short vowel word; t is short vowel protector, trigraph
tion
noun marker that says /shun/; esp. after words that end in t
sion 1
noun marker that says /shun/; esp. after words that end in s; ssion
sion 2
noun marker that says /zhun/; esp. after voiced syllable
er, ir, ur
3 most common spellings of /er/ in order
r controlled syllable
vowel is changed by the r (liquid) sound; ar, or, er, ir, ur
vowel team (vowel pair)
syllable which consists of 2, sometimes 3 or more, vowel sounds. Ex: ai, ee, igh, eigh
red words (sight words)
words which DO NOT sound out and must be memorized using a multisensory approach
phoneme
sound
grapheme
written representation of sounds
y= long i
at the end of a one syllable word, ex: cry
y= long e
at the end of 2 or more syllables, ex: candy
Y= short i
in the middle of a closed syllable, ex: gym
x= /z/
in the initial position in a word, ex: xylophone