mineral functions
-become part of body composition-respresent 4% of total body weight-help regulate bodily functions-essential to good health
Major minerals (macrominerals)
> 5 grams (~1 tsp) present in body
trace minerals (microminerals)
< 5 grams (~1 tsp) present in body
macrominerals
-sodium-potassium-chloride-calcium-phosphorus-magnesium-sulfur*Salty Potato Chips Contain Pretty Much Salt
microminerals
-iron-iodine-fluoride-zinc
calcium functions
-provides hardness to bones and teeth-serves as catalyst in muscle contractions-performs as catalyst in blood clotting
calcium sources
1) Animal products-milk-sardines-clams-oysters-salmon2) Plant products-rhubarb-spinach-greenss-broccoli-fortified foods*cooking increases availability
calcium deficiencies
1) OSP-progressive systemic disease that leads to bone fragility2)Osteopenia-body reabsorbs old bone quicker than it can be replaced3) Rickets in children4) Tetany-low ionized calcium in blood (hypocalcemia)-Dx:a)Chvostek sign: tapping over facial nerves causes twitch of facial musclesb)Trousseau sign: BP cuff pressure causes spasms of forearm and hand
calcium toxicity
1) Hypercalcemia-caused by diseases, usually not diet-can cause calcium deposits in soft tissues2) Milk-alkali syndrome-recent causes: excessive calcium carbonate ingestion to prevent OSP-self medicating antacids
sodium functions
-maintains fluid balance-helps transmit impulses along nerves and muscle fibers
sodium sources
-table salt (2 g/ tsp full)-milk products-processed foods-some veggies
sodium deficiencies
-most commonly due to disease or treatment losses-hyponatremia
sodium toxicity
-in health, excess sodium secreted by kidney-in HTN, heart disease, or kidney disease: sodium control important
potassium functions
-helps to control fluid balance-helps transmit impulses along nerves and muscle fibers (cardiac muscle is sensitive to change)
potassium sources
-present in all plant and animal cells-best sources found in unprocessed foods-salt substitutes that often replace sodium w/ potassium
potassium deficiencies
-related to diet only in severe protein-energy malnutrition-losses d/t diarrhea, vomiting, laxative abuse-losses d/t non-potassium sparing diuretics
potassium toxicity
-rarely caused by diet-diseases (metabolic response/fluid volume disturbance)a)diabetesb)burnsc)crushing injuries-results from renal failure and blood transfusions-tx focus on renal excretion
chloride function
major role in maintaining fluid and acid-base balance
chloride deficiency
can result from excessive sweating, diarrhea, or vomiting that can lead to electrolyte disturbance
chloride toxicity
typically the result of renal insufficiency and l/t fluid retention
phosphorus functions
-calcium phosphate provides hardness to bones and teeth-component of DNA, RNA
phosphorus sources
1)Animal sources-lean meat2)Plant sources-nuts-legumes
phosphorus deficiency
uncommon in diet of a healthy person
phosphorus toxicity
potassium phosphate laxatives and enemas
magnesium functions
-associated with ADP and ATP in energy metabolism-aids in transmission of nerve impulses-influences cardiac and smooth muscle contractility
magnesium sources
-green vegetables (magnesium a part of the chlorophyll molecule)-nuts-beans-whole grains-wheat-oat bran
magnesium deficiency
*often aligned w/ potassium: when K is low, Mg can be low-malabsorption disorders, or vomiting or diarrhea-excessive alcohol use w/ poor nutrition-chronic diuretic use-muscle spasm
magnesium toxicity
kidney disease
sulfur function
-found in hair, skin, nails-collagen structure
sulfur sources
animal-based proteins
sulfur deficiency
only those w/ severe protein deficiency lack this mineral
sulfur toxicity
none reported
iron functions
-essential in formation of hemoglobin-immune system
iron sources
1) Shellfish2) Organ meats-red meat-legumes
iron deficiency
-iron deficiency anemia-most significant worldwide deficiency-30%-50% post bariatric pts
iron toxicity
-poisoning-hemochromatosis (iron metabolism)-alcoholism (excess iron in alcoholic beverages)-cooking in iron pots
iodine function
synthesis of thyroid hormones
iodine sources
-iodized salt-plants, animals from sea-dairy products
iodine deficiency
-enlargement of thyroid (goiter)-most prevalent form of preventable mental retardation-hypothyroidism s/s:a)dry hair and skinb)coldc)tiredd)constipatede)depressed
iodine toxicity
-unlikely in U.S-goiter
fluoride functions
-mineralization of bones and teeth-major contribution to human health r/t its role in preventing dental caries
fluoride sources
-contained in public U.S drinking water-toothpaste-tablets/dental tx
fluroride deficiency
-dental caries-weak bones
fluroride toxicity
dental fluorosis
zinc functions
-essential for good health-immune system-wound healing
zinc sources
-cereal-meat-shellfish
zinc deficiency
-correlates directly w/ protein consumption1) In children:-growth retardation-skeletal abnormalities-delayed sexual maturation2) In adults:-alopecia -poor wound healing-impaired immunity
zinc toxicity
-common cause from dietary supplements, including MVI-should be obtained through food NOT supplementation
other minerals that affect health
1) Aluminum-metal found frequently in pharmaceutical products for hemodialysis and TPN2) Lead-inhalation-ingestion-skin contact3) Merciry-aquatic contamination
supplementation
-most can be supplemented by food intake-if meds necessary, make sure it does NOT exceed daily requirements-tell HCP what supplements you take (reconciliation)