checking wrist band
what is the most accurate method of verifying patient identification
implied consent
occurs when a patient is in need of immediate medical services but is unconscious or physically unable to consent to treatment. it is assumed that the pt would consent if able
PT and PTT
what lab values measure the coagulation ability of a patient prior to an invasive CT study and attempt to detect deficiencies in the various clotting factors
hematocrit
the concentration of red blood cells within the total volume of blood. it may be used to evaluate the hydration status of a pt.
70-120 bpm
normal pulse range for a child is
60-100 bpm
normal pulse range for an adult
11-15 seconds
average range for normal prothrombin time (PT) is
partial thromboplastin time
PTT stands for
140,000-440,000
normal platelet count for an adult is ___________ micro L of blood
20-30 breaths per minute
normal respiration rate for a child
95-140 mm Hg
normal range of systolic blood pressure in an adult is:
systolic pressure
the measurement of blood pressure at its peak during contraction of the heart
12-20 breaths per minute
respiration rate for adults
diastole
the period of time when the heart muscle is relaxing.
ventricular diastole
relaxation of the ventricles
atrial diastole
relaxation of the atria
atrial fibrillation
a cardiac arrhythmia that results in an irregular heartbeat
d-dimer
what test is used to diagnose thrombosis
renal function
GFR is an approximation of creatine clearance and provides an assessment of
GFR
creatinine clearance, or the rate at which creatinine is filtered from the blood stream may be used to approximate
electrocardiogram
a graphic representation of the electrical activity of the heart. utilized during cardiac CT to evaluate the heart rhythm and cycle
complete cardiac diastole
corresponds to the period of relaxation of the heart muscles and is indicated by the T wave of the ECG
relaxation or diastole
the heart is optimally imaged with the least artifact from motion during its period of
60+-10
normal range of GFR for women is ____________ mL/min/m^2
70+-14
range of GFR for men____________ mL/min/m^2
0.8-1.2
the normal range for the international normalized ratio (INR) for PT time is
INR
the _________ compares a patients PT with a control sample for a more accurate result
proximal
prior to IV injection a tourniquet is placed ________ to the injection site
standard precaution
refers to the principle that all blood and body fluids and secretions may contain transmissible infectious disease. ex. masks, goggles, gowns
aseptic technique
specific procedures that a practitioner employs to reduce the risk of infection during the IV administration of contrast. ex. washing hands, wear gloves, cleansing iv site with alcohol
intravenous (intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, and intrathecal)
parenteral contrast administration refers to
vasovagal
systemic hypotension often leading to cerebral ischemia
mild reactions
nausea, mild urticaria, warm flushed feeling
moderate reactions
dyspnea, difficulty breathing
nonionic
iodinated contrast with lower osmolarity and a lower incidence of adverse reaction
ionic
contrast materials that dissociate into charged particles when placed into solution are termed
anions and cations
charged particles are termed
vagal
patients suffering from ________ reactions to iodinated contrast agents present with hypotension and bradycardia
atropine
a severe vagal reaction to contrast will need treatment with iv fluids, IV administration of___________ to block the vagal stimulation of the heart and increasing the blood pressure
viscosity
the fluids ability to flow
high
________ viscosity is thick and flows slowly
high atomic number
iodine is commonly used in radiopaque contrast media because of its
iodines
________ high atomic number causes it to attenuate a large portion of the primary beam
1000-2400
high-osmolar contrast material has an average osmolarity of___________mOsm/kg
osmolarity
a measure of the number of particles per kg of water
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
bradycardia
heart rate below 50 beats per minute
hypotension
systolic pressure below 80 mmHg
nonionic contrast
material is associated with a lower incidence of adverse reactions
hypovolemic shock
caused by an insufficient volume of circulating blood
hypovolemic shock
pallor, hypotension, tachycardia, oliguria
1-3% barium
because of its excessive density, barium sulfate may be used in CT only in suspensions with concentrations of
osmolarity
an important characteristic of iodinated radiopaque contrast media, ______________ describes the propensity of the agent to cause fluid from outside the blood vessel (extravascular space) to move into the blood stream(intravascular space)
12-24 hrs
how long were women supposed to dump breast milk after contrast
2 hours
the plasma half-life of intravenously administered iodinated contrast material is
stages of infection
incubation, prodromal, active, convalescence
incubation stage
begins when a pathogenic organism enters the host
prodromal stage
the appearance of early sign and symptoms of the disease
active stage
maximum appearance of the signs and symptoms of the disease
convalescence stage
the symptoms begin to diminish and may completely subside
fomites
infection may occur indirectly through contact with contaminated objects known as
strict isolation
used with patients at risk of infection because of immunosuppression or some other form of debilitative disease, also referred to as protective or reverse isolation
autoclave
mechanical device used for sterilization, involves the use of heat and steam under pressure to eliminate microbes
7-25
normal BUN values in adults range from ________ mg/dL
0.5-1.5
normal creatine levels range from __________mg/dL
25-35
partial thromboplastin time (PTT) __________ seconds
12-15
prothrombin time (PT) _________ seconds
lethargic
a level of consciousness where the patient appears drowsy but can be aroused
obtunded
a level of consciousness where the patient is in a more depressed state and may not be easily aroused from a state of confusion
stupor
a state of near unconsciousness, semicomatose
120 mmHg
systolic blood pressure should be less than
80 mmHg
diastolic pressure should be less than
1-5
a nasal cannula can deliver _______ LPM
6
an oxygen mask can deliver _______ LPM or higher
anxiolytic
_________ medications may be prescribed to reduce patient anxiety during CT
positive
_______ contrast agents are known as radiopaque. these are iodine and barium
nonionic contrast media
nonsalt chemical compounds that contain 3 atoms of iodine per molecule. they do not dissociate in solution. referred to as low-osmolar contrast media. examples area omnipaque, issue, and optiray
ionic contrast media
salts consisting of sodium and/or meglumine. each molecule contains 3 iodine atoms. when injected into the blood stream they dissociate into two charged particles or ions. these are high osmolar contrast medias. examples are corny and hypaque.
enteral contrast media
administered orally or rectally to opacify the GI tract. is either water soluble or a suspension of barium sulfate
barium sulfate
an inert compound with excellent attenuation properties.
30-90 minutes
routine transit time for barium sulfate or water-soluble contrast through the GI tract is typically between________
barium sulfate
___________ may not be used in cases of suspected perforation because it may be toxic to the peritoneum, it may also be harmful if aspirated
full inspiration
CT exams of the chest should be done at the end of
neutral contrast media
may be administered to opacify the small bowel, during enterolcysis and enterography. this contrast media distends the GI tract while still allowing for clear visualization of the bowel wall.
150-300 mL
________ CT contrast agent enema is usually sufficient to adequately opacify the rectum, sigmoid, and distal large bowel
single phase imaging
CT image acquisition occurs at a single specific time during or after the injection of the contrast agent. images are acquired in this fashion during a single period of contrast enhancement
multiphase imaging
acquisition of multiple series of CT images taken over timed intervals. before, during, or after contrast.
warm moist compress
in the event of extravasation, the needle should be removed, and pressure applied with a
cutaneous
_______ reactions are the most common and can occur 3-7 days after contrast administration