TEST 3 PASSAGE 2

bug

insect, pest.

potential

prospect, possibility, capability.

pharmaceutical

medicinal, medical, therapeutic, curative.

derive

originate, come from, develop, obtain, draw from.

compound

complex, mixture, mix, combination.

look to sb for sth

to hope that someone will provide something for you

soothing

reducing, alleviating, lessening, easing

curing

healing, treating, alleviating, restore to health,

curing

#exacerbating

ailment

disease, illness, sickness

primate

a member of the group of animals that includes humans and monkeys

rub

apply, smear, spread

toxin

poison, venom, contaminant

ooze

if a thick liquid oozes from something or if something oozes a thick liquid, that liquid flows from it very slowly

millipede

a long thin creature with a very large number of legs (milledepe)

deter

prevent, discourage, put off,

deter

#encourage.

noxious

toxic, lethal, harmful

noxious

# harmless

to rid themselves of

overcome

intestinal

relating to the intestines (~ a long tube through which food travels from the stomach and out of the body while it is being digested)

parasite

a plant or animal that lives on or in another plant or animal and gets food from it

ancient

earliest, primeval, prehistoric, age-old,

ancient

#modern, #contemporary

ancestor

predecessor, forefather, forebear,

ancestor#descendant

...

grasp

understanding, knowledge, awareness, perception, sense

build on

use your achievements as a base for further development

foundation

basis, groundwork, base, underpinning

perfect

achieve, reach the summit of, top off, improve

extraction

the process of removing or obtaining something from something else.

characterisation

description, classification, account, categorisation.

modification

alternation, adjustment, variation, change

laboratory

a room or building with equipment for doing scientific tests

from scratch

from the beginning, square one, from the ground up, initially

shift

change, move, modification

promising

hopeful, shows potential,

promising

#disappointing

far from easy

difficult, challenging, tough, hard, complex

far from easy

#simple, #easy

secure

make safe, safeguard, lock.

sufficient

enough, adequate,

sufficient

# inadequate

organism

creature, life form, living thing

sth in question

smth is being discussed

isolate

separate, set apart, segregate, detach,

isolate

#include

characterise

distinguish, exemplify, indicate, set apart

hurdle

obstacle, difficulty, barrier, block.

laboratory-based drug

drugs that are synthetized in laboratory

varying

changing, shifting, altering, changeable, erratic,

varying

#constant

prompt

stimulate, urge, encourage, provoke, inspire, motivate,

prompt

#prevent

approach

method, methodology, tactic

mine

excavate, dig, extract

genome

all the genes in one cell of living thing.

compound

combination, mixture, complex

barely

hardly, just, only, just about

scratch the surface

to deal with only a very small part of a subject or problem

molecular

relating to molecules, which are the simplest units of a chemical substance

diversity

variety, range, assortment, multiplicity.

looming

threatening, alarming, frightening, scary, coming up

crisis

disaster, catastrophe, trouble, emergency, calamity. (plural: crises)

antibiotic

a drug that is used to kill bacteria and cure infections

resistance

refusing, refusal to accept, refusal to go along with,

resistance

# acceptance

bioprospecting

the process of discovery and commercialization of new products based on biological resources.

firmly

strongly, decisively, determinedly,

firmly

#loosely

put smt back on the map

to make a thing, person, or place famous

undisputed

unquestionable, undeniable, undoubted, acknowledged,

undisputed

#questionable.

master

ruler, owner, chief

terrestrial

earthly, underground, relating to the earth.

domain

area, field, territory.

occupy

inhabit, live in, reside in, dominate,

occupy

#vacate

niche

place, position, area.

bewildering

confusing, baffling, puzzling perplexing, mystifying,

bewildering

#clear

an array of

a wild range of, a number of, many, various, quite a lot

interaction

communication, collaboration relations, connection.

evolution

development, growth, progress, advancement,

evolution

#regression

enormous

huge, vast, giant, massive, gigantic,

enormous

#tiny.

defensive

self-protective, defending, shielding, fortified

offensive

attacking, violent, aggressive

exceed

surpass, go over, go beyond, go above.

far and away

used to say that something is much better, worse etc than anything else

in existence

existing, extant,

in existence

#lost

therapeutic

healing, curative,

therapeutic

#preventive

proportion

amount, quantity, percentage

investigate

look into something, explore, probe.

identified

recognized, known, acknowledged

antimicrobial

able to destroy harmful microbes which are small living things that can cause disease

blow fly

a fly that lays its eggs on meat or wounds

larvae

young insect, worms, maggots

antiviral

an antiviral drug or treatment is used to cure an infection or disease caused by a virus.

antitumor

inhibiting the growth of a tumor or tumors

agent

a chemical or substance that is used for a particular purpose or that has a particular effect

potent

strong, powerful, effective,

potent

#weak

venom

poison, toxin,

venom

#antidote

wasp

bee, large bee

relatively

comparatively, quite, somewhat

bioprospecting

the scientific study of plants and other living things in order to discover new drugs that can be used as medicines

manner

way, style, method, means

daunting

difficult, tough.

gland

an organ of the body or of a plant that secretes liquid chemicals that have various purposes

secrete

release, produce, ooze,

secrete

#absorb.

obtain

gain, find, acquire, achieve, get hold of

subsequent

following, successive, later

reality

real life, actuality, the real world

ubiquity

popular, common, all over the place

vast

massive, considerable, limitless,

vast

#small

encounter

meet, see, come across, run into, come upon, stumble upon,

encounter

#avoided

rear

raise, nurture, look after, take care of,

rear

#neglect

captivity

cage, prison, custody,

captivity

#freedom

insufficient

not enough, inadequate, deficient, in short supply, lacking, #sufficient

approach

method, methodology, technique, procedure, tactic

ecology

ecosystem, bionetwork, biology, environmental science, natural science

target

direct, aim, point, focus

creature

animal, living being, living thing

secrete

release, produce, ooze

poison

toxin, venom, contagion, toxic substance

subdue

defeat, control

prey

quarry, victim, target

prey

#predator, #hunter.

consumption

feeding, use, eating.

exploit

use, utilize, make use of, take advantage of, make the most of,

exploit

#waste

filthy

dirty, muddy, messy, grubby,

filthy

#clean

habitat

living environment, surrounding.

faces

~ mine: the part of a mine from which coal, stone, etc is cut

carcass

corpse, cadaver, dead body

microorganism

germ, virus, bacteria

deal with

solve, tackle, cope with, handle

pathogenic

able to cause disease.

inspire

motivate, encourage, stimulate

points someone in the right direction

to give one advice or information that helps guide them toward a desired outcome or course of action

associate with

relate to, accompany, mix, consort with

snip out

extract, cut

stretch

part, section, bit

insert

add, include, make the addition of,

insert

#extract

cell line

a cell culture developed from a single cell and therefore consisting of cells with a uniform genetic makeup.

isolate

separate, detach, cut off, set apart,

isolate

#include

characterise

distinguish, typify, exemplify, set apart

desirable

wanted, needed, necessary, required,

desirable

#undesirable

commercial

profitable, trade, marketable, saleable, profitmaking,

commercial

#charitable

pitfall

difficulty, trap

derive

originate, develope, come from

precedent

something of the same type that has happened or existed before

wilderness

a large area of land that has never been developed or farmed

deprive of

take, remove, withdraw, take away,

deprive of

#provide

groundbreaking

revolutionary, pioneering, innovative, leading-edge

conservation

preservation, protection, maintenance,

conservation

#destruction

sincerely

genuinely, truthfully, seriously, earnestly, really, from the bottom of one's heart,

sincerely

#insincerely

seemingly

apparently, on the face of it, superficially

for one's own sake

in order to help or bring advantage to someone (~for one's good or benefit)

shine a light

make it clear, brighten, give an explanation, investigate, clarify

the recesses of

a secret or hidden place

cabinet

piece of furniture with shelves, cupboards, or drawers, used for storing or showing things