Treaty of Tordesillas
Definition: -An agreement between Portugal and Spain that created an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean-Everything discovered west of it was Spain's, east was Portugal'sSignificance: -Portuguese became dissatisfied with the agreement because the Spanish were given more land-helped prevent conflict over the land Corroboration: Conquistadors-The Treaty of Tordesillas allowed the conquistadors of Spain to claim land for Spain in the New World with less conflict
conquistadors
Definition: -A word for a Spanish explorer in the New World-Wanted to conquer natives, dominate lands, use natural resources, and get goldSignificance: -They created a large empire for Spain from Mexico to Chile-Destroyed native populationsCorroboration:Encomienda System:-The conquistadors established the encomienda system to facilitate their colonization by using forced labor
New Laws of 1542
Definition:-A series of laws that were created to regulate the Spanish enslavement of Native Americans -Very unpopular among New World settlersSignificance: -The laws were so unpopular that they led to a civil war in Peru-Restricted the formation and continuation of encomiendas Corroboration: Encomienda System: -The New Laws were created in an attempt to abolish the encomienda system-As a result, the large landowners had less power
Encomienda system
Definition:-A system used by Spaniards in which Indians were given to colonists to use for labor-In exchange, the Spaniards made attempts to convert them to ChristianitySignificance:-Provided labor to colonists at a certain cost (paid some natives a seasonal wage) so they could still make a profit from their cropsCorroboration: New Laws of 1542: The New Laws were put in place by King Charles to try and abolish the encomienda system
Asiento
Definition:-A system where the Spanish brought slaves from West Africa after the Native Americans began dying from diseases and brutality-Only Britain could sell slaves in the Spanish colonies (trade agreement) Significance: -The African slaves were used from labor so that the Spanish could continue to make a profit -Gave Britain a monopoly on selling slavesCorroboration: Encomienda system: Like the Encomienda System, the Asiento system used forced labor of an oppressed group for European profit
Indians:Adena-Hopewell, Hokokam/Anasazi/Pueblos, Woodland mound builders
Definition:Adena-Hopewell- a culture of the American Middle WestHokokam/Anasazi/Pueblos: cultures of the American southwestWoodland mound builders: cultures of the Eastern Woodland regionSignificance: A-H: built large burial mounds and had extensive trade networks H/A/P: maize farming, sedentary villages, and sophisticated irrigationWoodlands: shows how advanced/civilized the tribes wereCorroboration:Conquistadors: Native American tribes were oppressed and abused by conquistadors as well as other European explorers/settlers
Bartolome de Las Casas
Definition:-A Spanish missionary who was disgusted and outraged by the poor treatment of Native Americans especially the encomienda system Significance: -Advocated for the rights of Native America s to King Charles of Spain-sometimes known as the father of anti-imperialism and anti-racismCorroboration: Juan Gines de Sepulveda:Bartolome de Las Casas argued against Sepulveda in the Valladolid debate, who advocated for Spanish conquest
Juan Gines de Sepulveda
Definition:-he defended the Spanish "right" to conquer Native Americans-he thought that the Native Americans were barbaric and savageSignificance: -wrote "Democrates Alter", the most important text of the era supporting Spanish conquest -justified the poor treatment of the Native AmericansCorroboration: Bartolome de Las Casas- Juan Gines de Sepulveda argued against Las Casas in the Valladolid debate, who advocated for Native Americanrights
Iroquois League
Definition:-consisted of 5 nations: Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk-ended up defeated by diseaseSignificance: -united to fight with Europeans and nearby tribes-political organization inspired the founders of the United States Corroboration: Algonquian: The Iroquois League was the main adversary of the Algonquians; both were large groups in the Eastern Woodlands
Algonquian
Definition:one of the two major language groups of the Eastern Woodlands -lived from E. Canada to Virginia-made up of different tribesSignificance: -became active in for trade after making contact with Europeans, notably the French and the Dutch Corroboration: Iroquois League: The Algonquians were the main adversary of the Iroquois League; both were large groups in the Eastern Woodlands
Manitou
Definition:-The Native American belief that nature is alive with spiritual powerSignificance: -this is the reason for Native Americans' great respect for nature-Native Americans wouldn't waste anything that came from natureCorroboration: Algonquian: The belief in Manitou originated in the Algonquian groups of Native Americans
Reciprocity
Definition:-The practice of trading things with others for mutual benefit, especially privileges granted by one country to another Significance:-countries would reduce tariffs and other trade barriers if other countries agreed to do the same Corroboration: Asiento system: As the Asiento system presented a mutually beneficial trade relationship between Spain and Britain, it demonstrates a general form of reciprocity
Protestant Reformation
Definition:-a movement that sought to revive the Catholic church -leaders included Martin Luther, John Calvin, and King Henry VIII Significance:-The reformation reduced the influence and power that the Catholic church had in Europe -created religious groups that would go on to found colonies in American Corroboration: Anglican church: During the Protestant Reformation, Henry VIII broke off from the Catholic Church and founded the Anglican Church
Columbian Exchange
Definition:-a system of trade between Europe, the Americas, and Africa-Europe gave the New World food, animals, and diseases-Africa gave the New World slaves-The New World gave Europe precious metals and raw materials Significance: -it was a trade relationship that connected the Eastern and Western hemispheres for the first time in history-brought foreign goods and diseases to new territory Corroboration: Asiento system: The Asiento system was what brought Africans to the Americas in the time that preceded the Columbian Exchange
Elizabeth I
Definition:-She was a protestant Queen of England-Made Protestantism the dominant sect of the Christian church in England Significance: -her protestant leanings increased rivalry between England and Catholic Spain-helped England avoid a religious civil warCorroboration: Protestant Reformation: Queen Elizabeth I supported this movement and therefore ruled England as a protestant nation
Roanoke/Sir Walter Raleigh
Definition:-Roanoke was the first English settlement in the New World, built off the coast of North Carolina -Sir Walter Raleigh founded this settlement Significance: -the settlement failed; mysteriously disappeared -no one knows what happened to the people-only found word "CROATOAN" Corroboration: joint-stock company: After Raleigh's failure, partiality due to lack of funds and supplies, the need need for joint-stock companies presented itself
Joint-Stock Company
Definition:-they were created to make money to fund colonization in lieu of government fundingSignificance: -many early North American settlements were joint-stock companies-allowed settlers to have more funding than they would get from a government Corroboration: Virginia Company: The Virginia Company, which established Jamestown, was a joint-stock company
Virginia Company of London (the London Company)
Definition:-a charter from King James for a settlement in the New World-granted settlers same rights as Englishmen Significance: -led to the establishment of the first permanent English settlement in the New World Corroboration: Virginia Company of Plymouth: The London Company, along with the Plymouth Company, made up the Virginia Company
Virginia Company of Plymouth (the Plymouth Company)
Definition:-a charter from King James to establish a settlement on the coast of North AmericaSignificance: -founded a colony in Maine that was abandoned a year later-later granted a patent to the Pilgrims at Cape Cod Corroboration: Virginia Company of London: The Plymouth Company, along with the London Company, made up the Virginia Company (a joint-stock company)
Captain John Smith
Definition:-Englishman who helped establish the first permanent English settlement in North America (Jamestown) Significance: -helped lead the Virginia Colony based in Jamestown -led an exploration along Virginia rivers and the Chesapeake Bay Corroboration: Pocahontas: Pocahontas saved John Smith after he was captured during an altercation with the Powhatans
Captain John Rolfe
Definition:-English settler who first successfully cultivated tobacco as an export crop in Virginia Significance: -his cultivation of tobacco helped save Virginia from its bleak economic situation Corroboration: Pocahontas: Captain John Rolfe married Pocahontas, daughter of the chief of the Powhatan
Pocahontas
Definition:-Native American daughter of the chief of the Powhatan tribe in the Jamestown areaSignificance: -saved John Smith after he was captured during an altercation with the PowhatanCorroboration: John Rolfe: Pocahontas's marriage to John Rolfe completed peace agreement after the first Anglo-Powhatan War
Headrights/ Head Right System
Definition:-parcels of land (approximately 50 acres) given to the colonists who brought indentured servants to AmericaSignificance: -since it gave land to the settlers who brought indentured servants, the servants couldn't find land after their contract of servitude expired (couldn't vote) Corroboration: Virginia Company: The Virginia Company employed the headright system to attract more colonists
Anglican church
Definition:-the protestant national church of England-the church was created by Henry VIII Significance: -once it spread to the New World, it provided unity for the English settlers-distinguished them from other religious and ethnic groups Corroboration: Elizabeth I:Queen Elizabeth ruled England under the teachings and principles under the Protestant Anglican church
Separatists
Definition:-English protestants who would not pledge allegiance to the Church of England notable groups of separatists include Pilgrims, Quakers, and BaptistsSignificance: -most notable for their role in establishing the first form of self-government in the New World via the Mayflower CompactCorroboration: Plymouth Plantation: One group of separatists, the Pilgrims, went on to found the Plymouth Plantations in Massachusetts
Puritans (Congregationalists)
Definition:-believed the Anglican Church had too many Catholic ideas, and wanted to purify it -believed in predestination -primary religious group of New England Significance: -created a new form of religion that included a strong moral code and work ethic-eventually spread to new places, like NE AmericaCorroboration: Separatists: -The separatists were a radical branch of the Puritans who wanted a thorough reform of the Anglican Church
Plymouth Plantation
Definition:-the settlement established by the Pilgrims-located in Cape Cod, Massachusetts-created after they escaped religious persecution in England Significance:-one of the first successful English colonies in North America-the site of the First Thanksgiving in 1621 Corroboration: Separatists: -The Plymouth Plantation was established by a group of separatists known as Pilgrims
William Bradford, "Of Plymouth Plantation
Definition:-the second governor of the Plymouth colony from 1621-1657-he wrote the most complete account of the Pilgrims' experience ("Of Plymouth Plantation") Significance: -developed private land ownership-helped colonists get out of debt-helped colonists survive droughts, crop failures and Indian attacks Corroboration:Mayflower Compact: William Bradford was one of the original signers of the Mayflower compact when the Pilgrims landed in 1620
Mayflower Compact
Definition:-an agreement signed by the Pilgrims to form a government and submit to its rulings and regulations Significance: -sometimes called the first example of self-government in the Americas-established a "civil body politic" under the authority of King JamesCorroboration: Plymouth Plantation: The Mayflower Compact established the government of the Plymouth Plantation when the Pilgrims arrived