what is sensation?
the process of receiving and detecting raw sensory information via our sensory organs and sending it to the brain
what is reception?
where we first receive the sensory information from a sensory organ
what is transduction?
where this information is converted into a neural impulse
what is transmission?
where the information is transmitted (sent) to the brain for processing
what is the order of sensation?
reception, transduction, transmission
what is perception?
the process of selecting, organising, and interpreting sensory information to be able to understand it
what is selection?
the process of attending to certain features of sensory stimuli to the exclusion of others
what is organisation?
the process of regrouping features of sensory stimuli together in order to form cohesive and meaningful information
what is interpretation?
the process of understanding and assigning meaning to sensory informationinterpretation relies on a range of factors including our memory of past events, our current mood, concentration levels, expectations, and beliefs
what is sensation in vision?
involves detecting stimuli with our eyes and sending this information to the occipital lobe, specifically the primary visual cortex, in our brains
what is reception in vision?
when a sensory stimulus is first detected by asensory organLight travels through the eye, which is the sensory organ for vision, before reaching an area at the back of the eye called the retina.Once at the retina, the light is then received by sensory receptors. The sensory receptors on the retina which receive light are called photoreceptors.
what are rods?
work to detect images in low levels of light and do not allow us to see colour
what are cones?
work to detect images in well-lit conditions and are able to pick up on small details and colour.
what is transduction in vision?
the conversion of raw sensory informationdetected by sensory receptors into a form that can be sent to the brainrods and cones are responsible for the transduction of electromagnetic light energy into electrochemical energy, which can later be sent to the brain for processing.
what is transmission in vision?
the process of sending sensory informationas a neural impulse to the part of the brain responsible for processing sensory information
what is selection in vision?
the process of attending to certain features of sensory stimuli to the exclusion of other
what is organisation in vision?
the process of regrouping features of sensorystimuli together in order to form cohesive and meaningful information
what is interpretation in vision?
the process of understanding and assigning meaning to sensory information
what are influences on visual perception?
Visual perception principles, depth cues, and our perceptual set all influence the images we perceive
what is the proximity principle?
brain's tendency to group together items in an image based on their physical closeness to one another.
what is the similarity principle?
we group together parts of an image that are similar in some way. Elements of an image can be similar in their size, shape, colour, position and so on.
what is the figure ground principle?
involves our tendency to see some figures as being at the front of an image, i.e. the 'foreground', and others as falling back into the 'background'.
What is the closure principle?
our ability to mentally complete images that are otherwise incomplete.
what are depth cues?
visual clues that allow someone to judge the distance or depth of stimuli in their environment
what is accomodation?
our eye muscles bulge and flattening according to how far away an object is. In this way, our eye is accommodating for distance.
what is motion parallax?
uses our perception of movement to help us gauge how far away things are
what are pictorial depth cues?
a subset of monocular depth cues. They are named as such because they are often clues that artists manipulate when painting or drawing a picture.
what is the relative size (pictorial depth cue)?
relative size of objects to one another in our visual field helps us to judge distance.
what is height in visual field (pictorial deoth cue)?
the closer objects are to the horizon line, the further away they appear.
what is linear perspective (pictorial depth cue)?
Parallel lines within our visual field appear to meet in the distance, but are separated up close. In this way, our perspective of lines (linear perspective) allows us to gauge distance.
what is interpostion (pictorial depth cue)?
When objects overlap one another, we perceive the object that is covered by another as being further away than the one obscuring it.
what is texture gradient?
Texture helps judge how far away objects are. The closer we are, the greater the detail of texture we can see.
what are binocular depth cues?
rely on the use of both eyes. In this sense, the judgement of depth is dependent on the comparison between or combination of the images projected onto both the left and right eye.
what is perceptual set?
a predisposition to perceive stimuli in a certain way due to a range of factors including a perceiver's mood, motivations, context, and past experiences
what is retinal disparity?
refers to the difference or 'disparity' between the different retinal images received by either eye. The closer an object is, the greater the disparity
what is convergence?
gives depth perception based on how much eyes are turned inward
what is reception in taste?
Molecules found in food are dissolved by saliva, allowing the chemicals to stimulate taste buds.
how does perceptual set affect perception?
Selection. We may select or ignore certain stimuli according to our predispositions.Interpretation. We may interpret stimuli in a certain way, especially when it is ambiguous. For example, if we are hungry and see an ambiguous brown object in the corner of our eye, we may have a greater readiness to interpret it as chocolate.
what is transduction in taste?
The chemical energy is converted by the receptor cells on the taste buds into electrochemical nerve impulses that can be processed by the brain.
what is transmission in taste?
From the taste buds the nerve impulses travel along the cranial nerves, through the thalamus to the primary gustatory cortex in the parietal lobe, where perception continues
how does age affect our perception of taste?
At birth infants respond positively to sweet tastes and negatively to bitter tastes in order to protect from food that is spoiled or poisonous.As we mature, we develop a tolerance for more bitter tastes such as coffee. This may be due to the fact from the age
what are visual illusions?
the perception of a visual stimulus in a way that conflicts with how it is in physical reality
what is synasthesia?
a perceptual phenomenon characterised by the experience of unusual perceptions in one sensory system after another sensory system has been activated
what is perception distortion?
a perceptual phenomenon characterised by the experience of unusual perceptions in one sensory system after another sensory system has been activated
what vision illusion is the muller lyer illusion?
both lines are the same length despite appearing at different lengths due to the arrow directions
what is the biological explanation of how we perceive the muller lyer illusion?
We perceive the feather-tailed line as longer because it takes more eye movements to view a line with inward pointing arrows than it does a line with outward pointing arrows
what is the psychological explanation of how we perceive the muller lyer illusion?
•Emphasise the role of learning and past experience.•The carpentered world hypothesis explanation proposes that the illusion occurs because of its similarity to familiar architectural features in the real three-dimensional world we experience as part of everyday life.
what is the social explanation of how we perceive the muller lyer illusion?
. The Müller-Lyer illusion has been found to be environmentally influenced (Ahluwalia, 1978). A study investigating the applicability of the carpentered world hypothesis showed participants in Zambia the illusion. It found that people from the cities were more susceptible to the illusion than people that lived in more rural, "un-carpentered" areas. This suggests that those with more exposure to "carpentered" settings are perhaps more likely to see the illusion
What is the Ames room illusion?
The Ames room illusion involves a trapezium-shaped room that is longer and higher on one side than the other.The left rear wall is further from the front wall than is the right rear wall. Also, the left rear wall is taller than the right rear wall (hence the back wall is slanted)Other features of the room are designed to make it difficult for the viewer to see the depth.
what is the apparent distance theory?
When viewed through a peephole at the front of the room using only one eye, the room appears rectangular.When observing a person standing in the right corner at the back of the room, the image of that person which is cast on the retina is larger because the person is twice as close to the observer (compared to the person standing in the left corner)our past experience with rectangular rooms leads us to expect that the people in the room are all the same distance away from us.However, one person casts a smaller or larger retinal image than the other, so their sizes are perceived as different.