E Coli membranes are roughly 75% __________ and 25% ____________, by mass
protein, phospholipid
A competitive inhibitor increases ______ while leaving ______ unchanged
Km, Vmax
E. Coli do not have _____________ __________ or _________
endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles
Platelets and erythrocytes are derived from progenitors in the _________ _________________.
bone marrow
The most deadly malaria
Plasmodium falciparum
antigenic variation
(antigenic alteration)the mechanism by which an infectious agent such as a protozoan, bacterium or virus alters the proteins or carbohydrates on its surface and thus avoids a host immune response, making it one of the mechanisms of antigenic escape. It is related to phase variation.
Phase Variation
the adaptive process by which bacteria undergo frequent and reversible phenotypic changes resulting from genetic alterations in specific loci of their genomes. This process is crucial for the survival of pathogens and commensals in hostile and ever-changing host environments
commensal
an organism that uses food supplied in the internal or external environment of the host, without establishing a close association with the host, for instance by feeding on its tissues
Antigenic Escape
(immune escape, immune evasion or escape mutation)occurs when the immune system of a host, especially of a human being, is unable to respond to an infectious agent: the host's immune system is no longer able to recognize and eliminate a pathogen, such as a virus.
Var genes
encode a family of virulence factors known as PfEMP1 (Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1) which are responsible for both antigenic variation and cytoadherence of infected erythrocytes
cytoadherence
the property of Plasmodium falciparum-infected RBC to adhere to various host cell types such as endothelial cells and uninfected red cells, causing the parasite to sequester in deep vascular beds and avoid splenic clearance.
endothelium
a thin membrane that lines the inside of the heart and blood vessels
etiological
causing or contributing to the development of a disease or condition.
aitia
a cause
hepatocytes
specialized epithelial cells that represent nearly 80% of the total liver mass
erythrocyte
a red blood cell that (in humans) is typically a biconcave disc without a nucleus. Erythrocytes contain the pigment hemoglobin, which imparts the red color to blood, and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues(erythro = red)
Polymorphism (as related to genomics)
the presence of two or more variant forms of a specific DNA sequence that can occur among different individuals or populations
virulence factors
molecules that assist the bacterium to colonize the host at the cellular level
platelets do not contain __________. They are formed from large calls called ____________________ and therefore contain _________________.
nucleimegakaryocytes, ribosomes
a hydroxyl group and amine group would make a molecule _________.
polar
peptidogyclan
a substance forming the cell walls of manyBACTERIA, consisting of glycosaminoglycan chains interlinked with short peptides.
epitope
a region on the surface on an antigen molecule to which a specific antibody binds. The presence of several antibodies on the surface of an antigen is expected to elicit a stronger immune response than if fewer antibodies were present. = a more robust immune response
antigen
anything that is foreign to the human body
paratope
the part of an antibody that bind to the epitope
amino acid
organic compounds that contain amino and carboxylic acid functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.
amine
compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair. Amines are formally derivatives of ammonia (NH3), wherein one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a substituent such as an alkyl or aryl group
amino group
The substituent -NH2
in vivo
a specific type of experimentation that involves living animalsstudies in which the effects of various biological entities are tested on whole, living organisms or cells, usually animals, including humans, and plants, as opposed to a tissue extract or dead organism.
transamination
the transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another, especially from an amino acid to a keto acid.
transaminase
an enzyme that catalyzes a particular transamination reaction
keto acid
a compound whose molecule contains both a carboxyl group (—COOH) and a ketone group (—CO—).
Pyridoxal phosphate
a coenzyme in a variety of enzymatic reactions.(PLP, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, P5P)the active form of vitamin B6
Prosthetic groups
In enzymes, prosthetic groups are involved in the catalytic mechanism and required for activity.
How is an enzyme depicted on MCAT?
box with word "enzyme" in it (LOL)!
coenzyme
a nonprotein compound that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme.
Lysine side chain
-(CH2)4NH2
Valine side chain
-CH(CH3)2
Phenylalanine side chain
-C6H5