Axial portion
head, neck, trunk (chest and abdomen)
Appendicular portion
arms and legs (upper and lower limbs)
Viscera
internal organs
Dorsal cavity
includes the cranial cavity (back of the head; houses brain) and the vertebral canal (houses spinal cord) in the axial portion of the body
Thoracic cavity
contains heart and lungs
Ventral cavity
(the belly, chest, and abdomen) where there is the thoracic cavity, containing the heart and lungs, and the abdominopelvic cavity, which is separated into the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity
Cavities within the head
1. Oral Cavity2. Nasal Cavity3. Orbital Cavities4. Middle Ear Cavities(hollow spaces in the head are sinuses)(has spaces to make head lighter and to use less energy)
Thoracic membranes
visceral pleura (closer to lung), parietal pleura (outside membrane closest to the wall of the body), visceral pericardium (fused onto heart), parietal pericardium (closer to wall of body)
Abdominopelvic membranes
visceral peritoneum (houses stomach, liver, spleen and parts of your small and large intestines) and parietal peritoneum (closer to wall)
Mediastinum
area between the lungs containing the heart, aorta, venae cavae, esophagus, and trachea (separates right and left lung)
pericardial cavity
contains the heart
abdominopelvic cavity
contains both the abdominal and pelvic cavities
Pelvic cavity
portions of the large intestine, urinary bladder, and the internal reproductive organs
Abdominal cavity
contains the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and most of the small and large intestines,
Diaphragm
Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing (separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity)
Cranial cavity
contains the brain
Vertebral canal
contains the spinal cord
Frontal sinuses
located in the frontal bone just above the eyebrows; an infection here can cause severe pain in this area
Sphenoidal sinuses
bony cavities that lie behind the nasal cavity
Left pleural cavity
left lung
Right pleural cavity
right lung
integumentary system
skin, hair, nails, and various glands; covers the body, senses changes outside the body, and helps regulate body temperature
skeletal system
bones and ligaments; supports, protects, provides frameworks, stores inorganic salts, and houses blood-forming tissues (support and movement)
Muscular System
contain muscles; provide movement, posture, and body heat (support and movement)
Nervous system
consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs; integrate incoming information from receptors and the brain sends impulses to muscles and glands (integration and coordination)
the endocrine system
includes all the glands that secrete hormones, helps to integrate metabolic functions (integration and coordination)
cardiovascular system
made up of the heart and blood vessels, distributes oxygen and nutrients throughout the body while removing wastes from cells (Transport)
lymphatic system
consisting of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen; drains excess tissue fluid and includes cells of immunity (transport)
digestive system
mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs; receives, breaks down, and absorbs nutrients (Absorption and excretion)
respiratory system
made up of the lungs and passageways(airways); exchanges gases between the blood (Absorption and excretion)
urinary system
kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra; removes wastes from the blood and helps to maintain water and electrolyte balance (Absorption and excretion)
reproductive system
produces new organismsmale: testes, accessory organs that conduct sperm to the penisfemale: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia; houses the developing offspring
relative positions
superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, superficial, deep (only in anatomical position)
Anatomy
deals with the structure (morphology) of the body and its parts; in other words, what are things called?
Physiology
studies the functions of these parts or asks the question, "how do they work?
Levels of organization
atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Characteristics of life
movement (internal and gross), responsiveness, growth, reproduction (new organisms and cells) , respiration (use of oxygen; removal of CO2), digestion, absorption (movement of substances through membranes and into fluids), circulation (movement within body fluids), assimilation (changing nutrients into chemicallydifferent forms), excretion
Requirements of Organisms
water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure
Homeostasis
Maintenance of a stable internal environment is called homeostasis; Homeostasis is regulated through control systems which have receptors, a set point and effectors in common.
negative feedback mechanism
feedback that causes the stimulus to decline or end like diabetes
positive feedback mechanism
Feedback that tends to cause the level of a variable to change in the same direction as an initial change (child birth, menstrual cycle, blood clots in men)
sagittal plane
divides body into left and right
transverse plane
divides the body into superior and inferior parts
coronal plane
divides body into front and back
oblique plane
divides body at an angle
cross plane
a transverse cut through a structure or tissue
longitudinal plane
cut along the length of an organ
Contralateral
on the opposite side of the body
bilateral
Involving both sides of the body
Ipsilateral
on the same side of the body
Study of the human body first began with earliest humans because
of their concern with illness and injury
What factor set the stage for early knowledge of the human body?
the growing experience of medicine men as they treated the sick with herbs and potions
The development of modern science began with:
the belief that natural processes were caused by forces that could be understood
What languages form the basis of anatomy and physiology?
Greek and Latin
The function of a part is ________________ related to its structure.
always
While knowledge of physiology continues to develop, knowlodge of anatomy doesn't change. True of False?
False
The sum total of chemical reactions in the body that break down substances and build them up is:
Metabolism
What is the most abundant chemical in the body?
Water
food is used as a (n) ___________ source to build new _________ _______________, and to participate in the regulation of chemical reactions
energy; living matter
the action of heart creates ______________ pressure in blood vessels
hydrostatic
The visceral and parietal pleural membranes secrete a serous fluid into a potential space called the:
Pleural cavity