Organ Systems
Groups of organs that carries out generalized sets of functions
Homestostasis
Maintenance of stable environment
Organism
An individual; living thing.
Atom
smallest basic unit of matter
Tissue
Group of cells working together with similar functions
Cell
smallest unit of life
Organ
Two or more tissues working together to complete specific task
Cytology
study of structure and function of cells
Histology
Study of the structure and function of tissues
Molecule
A group of atoms bonded together
Physiology
the study of how the body and its parts work/function
Anatomy
The study of body and it's parts. Greek "cutting - up
level of human organization
atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Gross Anatomy
Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye
Metabolism
all the chemical reactions in an organism that support life. Process by which the body converts food and drinks into energy.
ingesting
taking into the body, as by swallowing; eating
Digestion
The process by which the body breaks down food into small nutrient molecules
5 environmental factors of life.
water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure
homeostatic mechanisms
self-regulating systems that monitor aspects of the internal environment and correct them as needed
The 3 parts of homeostatic mechanisms
receptor, control center, effector
Receptor
detects and provides information about the stimuli
control center
decision-maker that maintains the set point
Effector
muscle or gland that responds to the control center, and causes the necessary change in the internal environment
negative feedback
Opposing the initial change and reducing the output
positive feedback
Reinforcing the initial change and increasing the output.
The 2 fundamental divisions of human body
Axial portion & appendicular portion.
axial portion of the body
head, neck, trunk
appendicular portion of the body
upper and lower limbs
Anterior (ventral) cavities
The cavities in front of the body
Diaphragm
dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal pelvic cavities.
The Anterior (ventral) cavities
thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
thoracic cavity
Cavity between the lungs contains: heart, thymus gland, esophagus, and trachea.
abdominal cavity
extends from diaphragm to top of pelvis, and contains stomach, liver, spleen, kidneys small intestine, most of large intestine
pelvic cavity
enclosed by pelvic bones, and contains end of large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs
Posterior (dorsal)
back of body
Medial
toward the midline
Lateral
away from the midline
Proximal
Nearer to the trunk of the body
Distal
Farther from the trunk of the body
Superficial (external)
closer to the surface of the body
deep
Away from the body surface; more internal
bilateral
Paired structures, one on each side
Ipsilateral
on the same side
Contralateral
on the opposite side
Superior (cranial)
above; toward the head
inferior (claudal)
below; toward the tail
sagittal section
longitudinal cut that divides body into left and right portions
Mid-sagittal/Median section
divides body into equal left and right portions
parasigittal section
Sagittal section lateral to midline; divides body into unequal left and right portions.
Transverse (horizontal) section
divides the body into superior and inferior portions
Coronal (frontal) section
longitudinal cut that divides body into anterior and posterior portions
number of systems in the human body
11
Different types of tissues
epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
Some branches of Anatomy
Histology, cytology
Where is the control center located?
hypothalamus of the brain
examples of negative feedback
controls body temperature, blood pressure & blood sugar (glucose) level in the blood, water balance, blood PH
examples of positive feedback
childbirth and blood clotting
mediastinum cavity contains
midportion of the thoracic cavity containing the heart and trachea
serous membrane
thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities and secretes a fluid that keeps the membrane moist; also called serosa
Serous membranes consists of 2 layers:
visceral layer and parietal layer
visceral layer
inner layer, which covers an organ
Parietal layer
outer layer, which lines wall of cavity
intraperitoneal organs
organs that are located within the peritoneal cavity. Include the liver, most of the small intestine, much of the colon, the stomach, the spleen, and part of the pancreas.
retroperitoneal organs
organs that are posterior to the peritoneal cavity. Includes the kidney, adrenal glands, the sex organs, the urinary bladder, part of the colon, and the pancreas.
Small cavities of the head
oral cavity, nasal cavity, orbital cavities, middle ear cavities
Serous membrane that covers lungs
pleura
serous membrane that covers the heart
pericardium
serous membrane that covers abdominopelvic organs
Peritoneum
integumentary system components
Organ: skin. Hair, nails, sweat glands; sebaceous glands.
integumentary system functions
Protects tissues, regulate body temperature, support sensory receptors.
skeletal system components
Organ: bones. Ligaments, cartilages.
skeletal system functions
Provide framework, protect soft tissues, provide attachments for muscles, produce blood cells, store inorganic salts
muscular system organs
muscles
Muscular system function
cause movements, maintain posture, produce body heat
Types of nervous systems
Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Nervous system components
brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs
nervous system functions
Detect changes, receive and interpret sensory information, stimulate muscles and glands.
Endocrine system contains
pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, pancreas, testes, and ovaries.
endocrine system function
Control metabolic activities of body structures; growth.
cardiovascular system components
Organ: heart. Arteries, capillaries, veins.
cardiovascular system functions
Move blood through blood vessels and transport substances throughout body
lymphatic system components
lymph vessels and lymph nodes, thymus and spleen
lymphatic system functions
Return tissue fluid to the blood, carry certain absorbed food molecules, defend the body against infection
digestive system components
mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine
digestive system function
breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and removes/eliminates waste/unabsorbed material
respiratory system components
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
respiratory system functions
Intake and output of air, exchange of gases between air and blood
urinary system components
Organ: kidney. Ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.
urinary system functions
remove wastes from blood, maintain water and electrolyte balance, store and eliminate urine
reproductive system (female) consists of
Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva.
reproductive system (male) consists of
Scrotum, testes, epididymides, Ducati's deferential, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethal glands, urethra, penis.