nonspecific/innate
mostly inherited or present before infection
specific/adaptive
develops in response to infection
immune system
functions to recognize and destroy/eliminate foreign antigens
nonspecific examples
skin and enzymes
specific examples
B or T cells, antibodies
barriers
skin, mucous membranes, stomach acidity
Granulocytes
they have granules in them that are used as an offensive mechanism that allows them to blast/kill off organisms
Lymphocytes
make B cell and t-helper cells and t-cytoxic cells
primary immune structures
thymus and bone marrow
thymus
matures T cells
bone marrow
matures B cells
secondary immune structures
lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, adenoids, peyer's patches
professional phagocytes
neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, they are positioned strategically around the body
parasitism
One organism benefits and the other is harmed
Commensalism
one organism benefits and the other is unaffected ex: normal flora
Mutualism
both organisms benefit
symbiosis
multiple organisms living amongst each other
vertical recombination
sexual reproduction passes on genetic change from parents to offspring
horizontal recombination
occurs between a donor cell and a recipient
Transduction
moving DNA from donor to recipient
conjugation
cell to cell contact
transformation
mixed intact cells with DNA
Pathogenicity
ability to cause disease
Virulence
how severe the disease will measure
sporadic
occurring occasionally and unpredictableex: tetanus
endemic
found at steady level Ex: the common cold
epidemic
sudden increase in morbidity and mortality in one areaex: plague
pandemic
worldwide across continentsex: influenza, HIV
common source
involves contact with a single source
propagated
spread person to person
Epidemiology
Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.
Defensive Virulence Factors
allows the microbe to escape/hideex: capsules (gram -)
offensive virulence factors
sent out to try and attack/fightex: endotoxins and exotoxins, enzymes (gram +)
exotoxins
proteins synthesized by the microbe and secreted into the host's tissues
endotoxins
in the outer cell membrane
reservoir
a site in nature in which microbes survive and they may be transmitted
nonliving reservoirs
soil and water
active carriers
individuals who have a microbial disease
healthy carriers
have no symptoms and may unwittingly pass the disease on to others
zoonoses
Diseases transmitted from animals to humans
vectors
Animals that carry pathogens from person to personex: mosquitoes
direct transmission
horizontal and vertical
horizontal direct transmission
person to person
vertical diret transmission
mother to offspring
indirect transmission
vehicle borne, vector borne, airborne
vehicle born indirect transmission
food, water, fomites
vector borne indirect transmission
insects, fleas, ticks
airborne
aerosols of water or dust particles
nosocomial infection
hospital acquired infection
Prions
infectious proteins
Fungi characteristics
1. Heterotrophic2. Extracellular Digestion3. Chitin-Based Cell wall4. Most fungi are made up of filaments called Hyphae
Protozoans characteristics
- eukaryotic, single celled, move by flagella , cilia or ameoboid motion
Virus characteristics
1. Smaller in size2. Require a living host to grow3. Do not multiply in foods
Stages of virus reproduction
attachment, penetration, replication, assembly, lysis
lytic cycle
a viral reproductive cycle in which copies of a virus are made within a host cell, which then bursts open, releasing new viruses
lysogenic cycle
a viral reproductive cycle in which the viral DNA is added to the host cell's DNA and is copied along with the host cell's DNA
natural active immunization
Person acquires immunity by surviving the disease itself and producing antibodies to the disease-causing organism
artificial active immunity
ses a vaccine to provoke a humoral (antibody) immune response as a future protective measure
Live attenuated vaccines
Live pathogen, but weakened. May cause minor illness in some cases.
Killed/inactivated vaccines
Virulent microbes are heat- or chemically-killed, less effective, no risk of infection, and need booster shots
toxoids
inactivated exotoxins used in vaccines
New and Experimental Vaccines
recombinant DNA-vaccine & DNA-vaccine