Macromolecule
Organic compounds that contains carbon
Monomer
Smallest unit of a large molecule, created the loss of a water molecules (condensation or dehydration reactions)
Polymer
Large molecule consisting of 2+ monomers, dissasembles into monomers by hydrolysis (break with water)
What is the difference between hydrolysis and dehydration?
Dehydration creates monomers, hydrolysis breaks polymers into monomers
Condensation (dehydration reaction)
Reaction that creates monomers; 2 molecules are bonded through the loss of a water molecule
Hydrolysis
Process that breaks down monomers by the addition of water (Disaccharide + water = 2 monosaccharides)
Polymerization
The process of combining smaller molecules (monomers) to form the building blocks of life
What are the macromolecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
What are the 6 major elements important for life?
Carbon, oxygen, phosphorous, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur
Monosaccaride
carbohydrate made up of a single sugar unit, building block of larger carbs, (C6H12O6 = glucose, fructose and galactose)
Diasaccharide
Two monosaccharides join to form a double sugar. Ex: sucrose
Carbohydrate
compound made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; main source of energy, used for structure in plants, made up of sugars
What are the elements that make up carbs?
C, H, O
ATP
Common energy source in biology
Glucose
Monosaccharide made during photosynthesis, main source of energy for plants/animals
Fructose
Found in fruits, sweetest monosaccharide
Glactose
Found in milk (Milk sugar = glucose + glactose)
Lactose
Milk sugar, made of glucose and glactose
Sucrose
Disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose; table sugar
Glycogen
Polysaccharide used for storage; made of multiple glucose monomers
Cellulose
Polysaccharide used in plant structure
Polysaccharide
large macromolecule formed from 2+ monosaccharides; used for storage (starch - potatoes, glycogen) and building material (cellulose, chitin)
Lipid
Used to store energy for long term use, insulates and protects organs; is hydrophobic; composed of 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids (C, H, O)
Saturated fat
A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms, primarily hydrogen; found in animals; solid at room temperature
Unsaturated fats
A lipid made from fatty acids that have carbon in double bonds; found in plants; liquid at room temperature
Protein
Polymer that allows the majority of processes in the body to take place; regulates reaction rates (enzymes), transports nutrients (hemoglobin), forms structure (collagen), and protects body (antibodies)
How many different Amino acids are there?
20 - the R group changes, and the amino/carboxyl groups stay the same
What are the three amino acid groups?
amino group, carboxyl group, R group
KNOW HOW TO DRAW AN AMINO ACID
Amino group = NH2, Carboxyl group = COOH, R group = HC + different atom per acid
Nucleic acid
Polymer containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus; stores/transport genetic info
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid; double helix
RNA
Ribonucliec acid; single helix
KNOW HOW TO DRAW A NUCLEOTIDE
Nitrogenous base (A, T, G, C, U), Pentose sugar (5 sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose), and phosphate group
Elements important to life
Carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen
Carbohydrate monomer
monosaccharide
Lipids monomer
fatty acids
nucleic acid monomer
nucleotide
Proteins monomer
amino acids
Common food source with starch
Potatoes
Carbs vs Lipids
Carbs are the main source of energy for all living things, plants also use this for structural purposes, made up of sugars Lipids are used to store energy for long term use. Insulate and product your bodies organs for example, fats, oils, waxes (make your cell membranes waterproof)
Elements found in proteins
CHON
DNA and RNA are examples of - acids
Nucleic
One thing that can affect the way enzymes work
Enzymes are examples of function of proteins. Enzymes are regulatory, so one thing they could be affected by is temperature changes/ reactions