Ultrasound
Uses sound waves to get a picture of what structures are inside
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
Machine uses a powerful magnet to align all of the hydrogen protons in your body. Then uses radiation to move the protons around in the same direction. Once the radiation stops, the protons realign themselves. The machine records how long it takes them to do this. Different tissues will take different amounts of time. Using this data, the computer generates an image of the internal structures.
X-ray
X-rays are absorbed in varying degrees by different structures in the body
CT
Using rotating x-ray to get computer generated image
Anatomy
Study of structure of human body and its parts
Physiology
Structure determines function
What are the levels of organization, overall? (List from smallest to largest)
Subatomic particles, atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.
What are the levels of organization of LIVING things?
cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
What are the 10 characteristics of life?
Movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, excretion
Absorption
Passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids
Digestion
Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used
Assimilation
Changing of absorbed substances into different chemical forms
What are the 5 environmental factors required to sustain life?
water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure
Why is water necessary for life?
Most abundant substance in the body, the environment for metabolic processes, required for transport of substances (blood), regulation of body temp
Why is food necessary for life?
Provides nutrients, supplies energy, supplies raw materials for building living tissue,
Why is oxygen required for life?
It is used to release energy from nutrients. It is the final electron acceptor in the process of producing ATP.
Why is heat necessary for life?
It is a form of energy in our environment, helps maintain body temp, partially controls rate of metabolic rxns.
Why is pressure required for life?
The application of force on an object; atmospheric pressure is important for breathing; hydrostatic pressure keeps blood flowing
What is homeostasis?
Maintaining a stable internal environment
What are homeostatic mechanisms?
self-regulating systems that monitor aspects of the internal environment and correct them as needed
What are the three parts of a homeostatic mechanism?
receptor, control center, effector
What are the two types of homeostatic mechanisms?
negative feedback and positive feedback
What are the two main portions of the human body?
Axial portion, and appendicular portion
What does the axial portion of the body consist of?
head, neck, trunk
What does the appendicular portion of the body consist of?
upper and lower limbs
What are the major cavities of the axial portion of the body?
Cranial cavity, vertebral cavity, thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity
What organs are in the mediastinum?
Heart, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland
What separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity?
diaphragm
What organs are in the abdominal cavity?
Stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and kidneys.
What organs are in the pelvic cavity?
End of large intestine (rectum), urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs
The cranial cavity houses the....
Brain
The vertebral cavity consists of....
The spinal cord
The thoracic cavity houses the.....
Lungs and thoracic viscera
What are the 4 small cavities of the head?
Oral cavity, nasal cavity, orbital cavities, middle ear cavities
The oral cavity contains....
Teeth and tongue
The nasal cavity
Is located within the nose; left and right portions are divided by the nasal septum; many sinuses connect here
The orbital cavities contain...
The eyes along with their associated nerves and muscles
The middle ear cavities contain...
The bones of the middle ear
What is a serous membrane?
A thin double layered membrane that lines cavities of the body
Which layer of the serous membrane is closest to the organ?
The visceral layer
Which layer of the serous membrane lines the cavity?
The parietal layer
List the layers of the pericardium from superficial to deep.
Parietal pericardium, pericardial space, visceral pericardium
List the layers of the pleural sac from deep to superficial.
Visceral pleura, pleural cavity, parietal pleura
What is the function of the integumentary system?
Protection, body temp regulation, sensory reception, production of vit. D
What is the function of the skeletal system?
Framework, protection of internal organs, attachment sites, storage of inorganic salts, production of blood cells, support and movement
What inorganic salts are stored in bones?
Calcium and phosphate
Why is vitamin D important for our bodies?
It allows more absorption of calcium by small intestine
What is the main function of the muscular system?
Movement, main source of body heat, maintains posture
How do the nervous system and endocrine system work together?
They integrate and coordinate organ function through the body.
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
Transports gases, nutrients, blood cells, and wastes
What is the main function of the lymphatic system?
Transport of fluids, lymphocyte production, and body defense
What is the function of the digestive system?
Receives food, breaks it down, and excretes waste
What is the main function of the respiratory system?
Exchange of gases
What is the main function of the urinary system?
Removes blood wastes, regulates electrolytes and water balance, maintains blood pressure
What is the main function of the reproductive system?
Transportation of sex cells (gametes = sperm and egg), females specifically provide fetal development and childbirth
Superior
Above
Inferior
Below
Anterior (ventral)
Toward the front
Posterior (dorsal)
Toward the back
Bilateral
Paired structures; on both sides
Ipsilateral
Same side
Contra lateral
Opposite sides
Proximal
Closer to point of attachment
Distal
Farther from point of attachment
Superficial
Closer to the surface
Deep
More internal
How does a sagittal section divide the body?
Into right and left regions
How does the midsagittal plane divide the body?
Equally divides into left and right portions
How does a parasagittal section divide the body?
It is lateral to the midline and divides body into unequal left and right parts
How does a transverse section divide the body?
Divides into superior and inferior portions
How does a coronal plane divide the body?
Divides the body into its anterior and posterior portions.