Physiology
Study of how the body works
Anatomy
The study of body structure
Sagittal Plane
Vertical plane divides the body into left and right
Frontal Plane
Vertical plane divides the body into front and back
Transverse Plane
Horizontal plane divides the body into top and bottom
Superior
Towards the head
Inferior
Towards the feet
Anterior
Towards the front
Posterior
Towards the back
Medial
Towards midline of the body
Lateral
Towards side of the body
Proximal
Towards the body's mass (main area away from limbs)
Distal
Away from the body's mass (away from main area towards limbs)
Compact bones
Contains few spaces and forms external layer of all bones
Spongy bones
Contains marrow, which produces blood cells
Types of bones
- Long- Short- Flat- Irregular- Sesamoid
Flat bones
Thin and composed of two thin plates of compact bone e.g. Ribs
Irregular bones
Complex shapes and vary in amount of spongy and compact bone. e.g. Vertebrae
Sesamoid bones
Small bones wrapped in tendons e.g. Patella
Axial skeleton
Bones lie around the axis, breastbone, ribs and backbone.
Appendicular skeleton
Bones of upper and lower limbsGirdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton
Joints
- Fibrous- Cartilaginous- Synovial
Fibrous joint
Joint with no movement e.g. Cranium
Cartilaginous joint
Joint cavity with bones held by cartilage allowing little movement
Synovial joint
Allows maximum movement e.g. knee joint
Types of Synovial Joints
- Gliding joint : Carpals, tarsals, vertebrae- Hinge joint : Elbow, knee, ankle- Pivot joint : Radius - Ulna rotation- Ellipsoidal joint : Wrist- Saddle joint : Carpometacarpal - Ball and socket joint : Shoulder and hip
Circumduction
circular movement of a limb at the far end
Flexion
bending a joint
Extension
Straightening of a joint
Rotation
CIRCULAR MOVEMENT AROUND AN AXIS
Elevation
raising a body part
Depression
downward movement of a body part
Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body
Adduction
Movement toward the midline of the body
Dorsi flexion
Heels down/toes up towards shin; upward flexion of ankle
Plantar flexion
bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground
Inversion
turning inward
Eversion
turning outward
Pronation
turning the palm downward
Supination
turning the palm upward
Types of muscle tissue
- Skeletal muscle- Cardiac muscle- Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle
Attached primarily to bones, enables us to move under conscious control.
Cardiac muscle
Forms most of our heart, involuntary
Smooth muscle
Found in internal organs such as liver. Don't have conscious control of them
Muscle relationships
- Agonist- Antagonist- Stabiliser
Agonist
Contracting muscle involved in the movement. e.g. Flexion of knee, hamstring is agonist.
Antagonist
Opposite muscle that relaxes in movement. e.g. flexion of bicep, antagonist is tricep.
Stabiliser
Stabilise a bone or body segment so agonist can work more efficiently. e.g. In running the torso helps to keep body stable position.
Types of muscle contractions
- Concentric- Eccentric- Isometric
Concentric
The muscle shortens while contracting against resistance. e.g. Flexion in bicep curl
Eccentric
The muscle lengthens while under tension.
Isometric
Muscle fibres are activated but muscle length does not change.