Error bars
graphical representation of the variability of data
Know how to calculate the mean and standard deviation of a set of values in Excel
#NAME?
Standard deviation
Used to summarize the spread of values around the mean; within a normal distribution approximately 68% and 95% of the values fall within plus or minus one or two standard deviations respectively
small standard deviation indicates that
the data is clustered closely around the mean value
large standard deviation indicates that
the data is a wider spread around the mean value
coefficient of variation
the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean expressed as a percentage
two-tailed t-test
testing for a relationship, but not predicting the direction of the relationship
paired t-test
test one group twice (before and after drinking)
unpaired t-test
test the means of two different groups (men and women after drinking)
existence of a correlation
does not establish causation
specificity
decide exactly what you are testing for in your experimental design
accuracy
use tools that measure parameters with a greater degree of accuracy
reliability
the degree to which a measure would produce the same result from one occasion to another; repetition and getting similar results each time
validity
test is actually measuring what you want it to measure
control groups
group that doesn't receive the independent variable
randomization
minimize selection or allocation bias
blind
reduces differences between control and experimental group
double blind
both participants and exprimenters are unaware of who is in the experimental or control groups
placebo
belief in results causes a change
field tests of human performance
not as accurate or reliable but more readily available
labaratory tests of human performance
more accurate and reliable but less readily available
sub-maximal tests
test amount of activity a test subject can perform over long periods of time; endurance
maximal tests
test peak power, average power, and minimum power; find maximal abilities
Health-Related Fitness
Flexibility, Cardiovascular Fitness, Muscular Strength, Muscular Endurance, Body Composition
Skill-Related Fitness
Agility, Balance, Coordination, Reaction Time, Strength, Power
flexibility
range of movement possible at a joint
cardiovascular fitness
the ability to exercise the body for long periods of time
muscular strength
the amount of force a muscle can exert against resistance; doesn't involve time
muscular endurance
the ability to use the voluntary muscle many times without fatigue
body composition
the relation of fat mass to fat-free mass
agility
the ability to change direction at speed with control
balance
the ability to retain the center of the mass of the body above the base of support
coordination
the ability to use two or more body parts together
reaction time
time between the presentation of the stimulus and the onset of movement
speed
the differential rate at which an individual is able to perform a movement or cover a distance in a period of time
power
strength x speedspeed x strength
Harvard Step Test
step up and down for 5 min then test heart rate- cardiovascular fitness
bleep test
repeated 20m shuttles at progressively increasing speeds until exhaustion is reached- cardiovascular fitness
Cooper's 12 min run
run/walk as far as possible in a period of 12 minutes- cardiovascular fitness
sit and reach test
sit on floor and reach past straight legs- flexibility
maximum push-up test
do as many push-ups as possible until exhaustion is reached- muscle endurance
maximum sit-up test
do as many sit-ups as possible until exhaustion is reached- muscle endurance
Illinois Test
athlete stands up and runs around four cones as quickly as possible without knocking the cones over- agility
hand grip dynamometer
subject squeezes the dynamometer with maximum isometric effort and maintains this force for 5 sec- strength
40m sprint test
run a single maximum sprint over 40 m- speed
body mass index
divide person's weight by their height squared- body composition
anthropometry
measure body size and composition through measures including height, weight, body fat using skinfold measures- body composition
underwater weighing
subject is lowered into tank of water until all body parts are submerged, weight is recorded- body composition
stork stand
put foot against knee of other leg with hands on hips, stand on tiptoe for as long as possible- balance
handball toss
person throws ball against wall and catches it with other hand, repeats in opposite order- reaction time
drop test
catch ruler dropped without warning- reaction time
computer simulation
use a computer to measure different components of performance- reaction time
standing broad jump
athlete jumps as far forward as possible landing on two feet from a standing start- power
sargent/vertical jump
athlete jumps and hits wall, diff b/w standing and jump height is compared- power
warm up
prepares the body for exercise and prevents injury and muscle soreness
stretching
specific tendons or muscle groups are flexed in order to avoid cramps and other stuff
endurance training
develop the energy production systems to meet the demands of the event
cool down
light continuous activity to keep HR elevated; improves competition, coordination, less lactic acid
flexibility training
specific tendons or muscle groups are flexed in order to avoid cramps; must be done after working out or after warmed up
resistance training
weight training or body-weight resistance; used to develop maximum strength, strength endurance, and explosive power
recreational activities
break up the monotony of doing only one sport; prevents mental fatigue
progression
exercise gets harder and harder each time it is done in order to help the athlete improve
overload
body responds to stress caused by physical work; body is stressed to get adaptation then allowed to recover
specificity (training program design)
exercise is specific to the type of strength required and related to the particular demands of the sport
reversibility
if the training plan is terminated then fitness improvements will return to pre-training values; 40% muscle endurance 10% muscle strength loss over 8 weeks
periodization
an organized approach to training that involves progressive cycling of various aspects of a training program during a specific period
monitor exercise intensity based on heart rate
use heart rate based on its relationship with oxygen uptake; target heart rate that coincides with the given percentage of maximal oxygen uptake
Karvonen Method
220 - age = Maximum HRMaximum HR - Resting HR = HR Reserve
heart rate zone training
healthy heart 50-60%, weight management 60-70%, aerobic zone 70-80%, anaerobic threshold zone 80-90%, red-line zone 90-100%
Rating of Perceived Exertion
Borg RPE Scale 6-20OMNI Scale 0-10CERT Scale 0-10