Macronutrients
Required in large amounts (lipid, carbohydrate, protein, water) and Provide calories or energy
Micronutrients
Required by humans in small amounts. (vitamins, minerals)
Functions of Carbohydrates
- Fuel for body- Energy storage- Building of cell membranes- Synthesis of DNA + RNA
Functions of Fats
- Energy storage- Synthesis of Hormones- Cell Storage
Functions of Proteins
- Structure- Transport and Communication- Enzymes- Muscle building blocks- Protection- Fuel
Functions of Water
- Excretion- Lubrication- Transportation- Thermoregulation- Medium for biochemical reactions
Functions of Vitamins
- Eyesight- Immune system- Metabolism- Bone and Blood Health- Energy release from macronutrients
Functions of Minerals
- Mineralization of bones and teeth- Blood and Oxygen transportations- Defense- Metabolism- Muscle function
Chemical composition of glucose
Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen C6H12O6 Octagon Shape
Monosaccarides
The simplest form of a carbohydrates, made of one molecule(eg: glucose, fructose and galactose)
Disaccharides
Two monosaccharides form a disaccharide with the loss of one molecule of water.(eg: Sucrose is made up of glucose and fructose)
Polysaccharides
A chain of many monosaccharides linked together.(eg: starch and glycogen
Condensation Reaction
Linking of two molecules with the removal of water.
Hydrolysis
Breaking apart of two molecules by adding water
Joule
Unit of energy which is obtained from food that is available through cell respiration.
Triglyceride
The major form of fat storage in the bodyConsists of a glycerol and three fatty acid chainsStored in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Used in lipid bilayer of cell membrane.
Unsaturated
Double bonds between carbon atomsCome from plant based foods(eg. Peanuts, Cashews, sunflower oil, olive oil and avocado Liquid at room temperature)
Saturated
No double bonds between atomsCome from animal sources(eg. Coconut, Palm oil, fat in meat, chicken and pork)
Protein Molecule
Consist of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen. All 1Building blocks are amino Acids (there are 20)
Essential Amino Acids
cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained by diet
Non Essential Amino Acids
Can be synthesized by the human body
Protein Function
Structural- compose blood tissue muscle tissue and enzymesTransport and communication- Hormones, receptors, neurotransmittersProtective- Antibodies, mucus and anti-inflammatoryEnzymatic- Digestion, metabolic pathways
Balanced Diet
A diet that provides all nutrients in the right amount in order to maintain health.
Dietary recommendations
Recommended amounts of essential nutrients in the diet. Fruit and vegetables make up a 3rd. Starch makes up a 3rd. 75% of our energy should come from carbohydrates
Energy content per 100g of protein
1720KJ
Energy content per 100g of fat
4000KJ
Energy content per 100g of carbohydrate
1760KJ
Metabolism
All the biochemical reactions that occur within an organism.
Anabolism
The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules
Catabolism
The breaking down of complex molecules into simpler molecules
Aerobic
With oxygen
Anaerobic
without oxygen
Glycogen
The stored form of glucoseStored in the liver and muscles
Insulin
Regulates the amount of glucose in the blood.Causes liver and muscle cells to take in glucose and store it as glycogenCauses fat cells to take in blood lipids and turn them into triglycerides
lipolysis
The breakdown of fat in the body
Functions of water
- Transport of nutrients, metabolites, waste products, hormones and respiratory gasses- Thermoregulation (sweat) and excretion (urine, feces)- Cell to cell and cell to environment communication- Lubrication of joints and sliding surfaces- Medium for biochemical/metabolic reactions
Function of Fiber
Helps avoid constipation and bulk up on consumed food.
Macronutrient difference between endurance and non-endurance athletes
An Athlete may expend twice as much energy. Many sports can add over 1,000 calories to a diet. Lots of carbohydrates needed. Amino acids and protein are also important
Anaerobic Catabolism
The breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler compounds with the release of energy in the absence of oxygen
Glycogenolysis
The breakdown of glycogen back into glucose
Glucagon
Stimulates glycogenolis, complementary to insulin. Is released during fasting
Adrenalin
Causes glycogenolysis
Insulin and muscle contraction on glucose uptake
The greater amount of muscle contraction requires a greater amount of glucose.Insulin levels fall during exercise so less glucose is absorbed by the liver and more glycogenolysis occurs. Glucagon and adrenalin also rise.
Animal cell
Need ribosomes, rough ER, lysosomes, golgi apparatus, mitochondria and nucleus
Mitochondria
Need cristae, inner matrix and outer smooth membrane
Cell Respiration
The controlled release of energy in the form of ATP
Aerobic Respiration
forms 38 ATP. More energy and requires oxygen
Anaerobic Respiration
Forms 2 ATP. Less energy and no oxygen
How can adenoise lose and gain a molecule
ATP is only usable form of energy in the body. You have to break bonds to gain energy.
Explain the role of ATP in muscle contraction
ATP binds to myosin and makes it ready for a contraction. Once myosin is contracted it moves to a low energy state but ATP puts it back to high so it can unbind from the actin. Troponin and tropomyosin does not allow it to contract without calcium.
ATP-PC
Is used for the first 10 seconds but runs out. ATP is regenerated quickly but it runs out very fast
Lactic Acid System (Anaerobic glycolysis)
Once PC is depleted Lactic Acid system takes over. In this phase ATP is used to break down glucose. Can be done quickly but lactic acid is created. Only small amount of energy can be released from glycogen. Peaks at 15 seconds.
Oxygen Deficit
Difference between the amount of oxygen consumed during exercise and the amount which would have been consumed if aerobic respiration occurred immediately
Oxygen Debt
Excessive post exercise oxygen consumption. Demand for oxygen is greater than supply.
Aerobic System
Glycolysis occurs but pyruvate acid is by product not lactic acid. This involves the Krebs cycle. NO by products and more energy is created. AT 55 seconds Aerobic system is dominant and takes over
ETC
Hydrogen splits into hydrogen ions and electrons. This produces 34 ATP.
Contribution of three energy systems during exercise
All three work together but one is always dominant.
Glycolysis
Breakdown of GLUCOSE into ATP
Glycogenesis
Glucose to glycogen