Organic molecules
Molecules that contain carbon
Biomolecules
Organic molecules associated with living organisms
Four biomolecules group
Carbohydrates , Lipids, Proteins , Nucleotides
What does the body use carbohydrates, lipids and proteins for?
Energy and the building blocks of cellular components
What does nucleotides include?
DNA, RNA, ATP and cyclic AMP
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Carry energy
AMP (Adenosine triphosphate)
Regulate metabolism
Biomolecule groups contain
a characteristic composition and molecular structure
Lipids
Mostly carbon and hydrogen, biomolecules (fats, oils)
Carbohydrates
primarily carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (CH20)
Proteins + nucleotides
Contain nitrogen + carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Two Amino Acids
Building Blocks of proteins contain sulfur
What is the most abundant molecule
Carbohydrates Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
Noncovalent bonds
ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, van der waals forces
Cytoplasm
includes all material inside the cell membrane except for the nucleus
Organelles (little organs)
membrane-bound compartments that play specific roles in the overall function of the cell.
Covalent bonds
Atoms share electrons- strongest type of bondEx: Carbon atoms in glucose, O2
Ionic bonds
-Ions are charged atoms that have lost or gained an electron. - Opposite ions are attracted to each other - Ex: Na+ has lost one and Cl has gained one
Hydrogen Bonds
-weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and a nearby oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom. - Ex: Attraction between water molecules (bonds within a water molecule are covalent)
Vander Waals forces
- Weak non-specific interaction between the nucleus of one atom and the electron of another.- Allows molecules to pack closely together - Ex: Phospholipids molecules ( bond is weak because if the atoms get too close; their electrons repel each other)
Covalent bonds form
The primary structure, while mainly the weaker types of bonds form the higher levels of protein structure.
Carbohydrates
monosaccharidesEx: glucose (simple carbohydrate) - Stores chemical energy in covalent bonds
Disaccharides
Ex: sucrose also carbohydrate
Polysaccharide
Ex: starch and glycogen -Polymers of glucose for storage
Triglycerides
- glycerol + 3 fatty acids (long chains of carbon and H molecules)
Lipids (fats)
non-polar or hydrophobic- not soluble in water because no charge (polarmolecules have uneven distribution of electrons, and regions of partial positiveand negative charge which allows them to interact and dissolve in water)
Sterioids
eg. estrogen, testosterone
cholesterol
important in membranes, precursor to steroids
phospholipids
- in phospholipid bilayer - amphipathic -polar phosphate headand non-polar fatty acid tails
Nucleic acids
DNA, RNA- code for proteins (made u of nucleotides adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine and uracil
ATP,ADP,NAD,FAD
Important nucleotides involved in energy transfer reactions and cAMP, and intracellular signaling molecule
Proteins
Amino Acids joined by covalent bonds (peptide bonds) = primary structure
Secondary and tertiary structures
Represent the next two levels of folding which determines 3-D shape which determines function
3-D shape maintained
mainly ionic and hydrogen bonds some covalent-Affected by temperature pH, and covalent modulators (agonists or antagonist)
What do proteins act as
enzymes, receptors and signals (ligands, which bind with receptors)
The body maintains
Homeostasis with respect to temperature, pH and concentration of solutes to maintain 3-D Shape and correct function of protein molecules.
Ions
-Atoms or molecules with net electric charges meaning they have gained or lost an electron. -Strong Bond
Cation
A positively charged ion
Anion
A negatively charged ion
Plasma Membrane
Flexible barrier that holds cells shape phospholipid bilayer with cholesterol in between proteins on the inside or outside surface and spanning the membrane.
Nucleus
Genomic DNA transcribed to mRNA in nucleus which is translates into proteins in cytosol contains nucleolus which synthesizes ribosomes.
Mitochondria
Site of must ATP synthesis (energy), contains enzymes of the krebs cycle and electron transport chain
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosome studded folded membrane where translation of mRNA to make proteins occurs these are proteins usually for export out of the cell-Proteins made on free ribosomes stay in the cell
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
-Steroid hormones and lipid synthesis (anabolism) and break down (catabolism), site of calcium -Storage calcium release related to cell activity
Golgi apparatus
Folded membranes that are "finishing school" for proteins- mainly those for export out of the cell
Leaky Junctions
lots of traffic between cells eg. between hepatocytes (liver cells)
Tight Junctions
Very Little traffic between cells- prevent leaks eg. skin cells, blood brain barrier, some kidney cells
Gap Junctions
Ion traffic windows- allow for the propagation of action potentials from one cell to the next eg. heart cells, smooth muscle cell of intestines
Acidic values
Have a low pH value
Alkaline values
have a high pH value
Low pH values
associated with higher concentration of hydrogen ions (H+)
High pH values
low concentration of hydroxide (OH) ions whereas high pH values have a lower H+ and higher OH concentration
Diffusion
water across a selectively permeable membrane
How does water move?
From high to low water concentration which is equivalent to low to high solute concentration
Solutes diffuse from
high to low concentration
simple diffusion
If solutes dissolve across a plasma membrane
facilitated diffusion
Carrier proteins help larger particles to cross the membrane
what is required for a diffusion to occur?
concentration gradient
Central Dogma
states that DNA is converted to RNA by the transcription in the nucleus.
What does messenger RNA do?
Leaves the nucleus and is translated into protein on ribosomes