Where should you measure a liquid?
eye level at the meniscus
What is a meniscus?
curved upper surface of a liquid in a tube
What should you do when you record your measurement?
record all known digits and one guess digit
What should you do when you record your measurement that was found using a digital scale?
you do not need to record a guess digit
What is water displacement?
when you calculate volume by measuring the change in a graduated cylinder's water level when you put an object in it
What are significant figures?
valid digits in a measurement
What are the rules for determining significant figures?
all non-zero numbers are significant, sandwiched or smashed zeros are always significant, leading zeros are never significant, trailing zeros are only significant if there is a decimal point, counting numbers and conversion factors have infinite significant factors
What is the rule for reporting answers when adding or subtracting?
report answer to the same number of decimal places as the value that had the least decimal places
What is the rule for reporting answers when multiplying or dividing?
report answer to the same number of significant figures as the value that had the least significant figures
What is dimensional analysis?
way to analyze and solve problems using the units, or dimensions, of the measurements
How do you add or subtract using scientific notation?
make the exponents the same
How do you multiply or divide using scientific notation?
multiply or divide the coefficients and then add or subtract the exponents
What is an independent variable?
factor in an experiment that a scientist purposely changes
What is a dependent variable?
factor that is measured in an experiment
What is a scatter plot?
graph in which the values of two variables are plotted along two axes, the pattern of the resulting points revealing any correlation present
What kind of variable is recorded along the x-axis of a scatter plot?
independent variable
What kind of variable is recorded along the y-axis of a scatter plot?
dependent variable
What is the best-fit-line?
line that includes most if not all data points on a scatter plot
What is a calibration curve?
specific type of scatter plot made in which the concentration of a substance is the independent variable and a resulting property of the solution is the dependent variable
What is the percent error equation?
∣experimental value-accepted value/accepted value ∣ x 100
Do metals gain or lose electrons and what do they become?
lose electrons to become cations
How do you name cations?
element name + ion
Do nonmetals gain or lose electrons and what do they become?
gain electrons to become anions
How do you name anions?
change ending to -ide
What are multivalent elements?
elements with two or more possible charges
How do you write the names of multivalent elements?
write roman numerals in parentheses indicating their positive charge
What are polyatomic ions?
ions that are made of more than one atom
How many oxygens does an ion starting with perch- have in relation to the ion ending in -ate?
one more than -ate
How many oxygens does an ion ending in -ite have in relation to the ion ending in -ate?
one less than -ate
How many oxygens does an ion starting with hypo- have in relation to the ion ending in -ate?
two less than -ate
What is the name and charge for NH4?
ammonium, +
What is the name and charge for OH?
hydroxide, -
What is the name and charge for CN?
cyanide, -
What is the name and charge for MnO3?
manganate, -
What is the name and charge for FO3?
fluorate, -
What is the name and charge for ClO3?
chlorate, -
What is the name and charge for BrO3?
bromate, -
What is the name and charge for IO3?
iodate, -
What is the name and charge for NO3?
nitrate, -
What is the name and charge for C2H3O2?
acetate, -
What is the name and charge for SCN?
thiocyanate, -
What is the name and charge for NaIO4?
sodium periodate, -
What is the name and charge for H2PO4?
dihydrogen phosphate, -
What is the name and charge for HCO3?
hydrogen carbonate or bicarbonate, -
What is the name and charge for CO3?
carbonate, 2-
What is the name and charge for SO4?
sulfate, 2-
What is the name and charge for S2O3?
thiosulfate, 2-
What is the name and charge for CrO4?
chromate, 2-
What is the name and charge for Cr2O7?
dichromate, 2-
What is the name and charge for C2O4?
oxalate, 2-
What is the name and charge for O2?
peroxide, 2-
What is the name and charge for HPO4?
hydrogen phosphate, 2-
What is the name and charge for PO4?
phosphate, 3-
What is the name and charge for AsO4?
arsenate, 3-
What is the name and charge for BO3?
borate, 3-
What is the name and charge for C6H5O7?
citrate, 3-
What are ionic compounds?
electrically neutral compounds composed of cations and anions
What are the two rules for ionic compounds?
cations are always first in both formula and name and ionic formulas are simplified
How do you name ionic compounds?
name the cation first and then the anion with the -ide ending
How do you write ionic compound formulas?
write the charge of the two elements and then switch the number to make the charge equal zero
What are ionic hydrates?
ionic substances that have water as part of their crystal structure
How do you name ionic hydrates?
name the ionic compound and then hydrate with a prefix indicating how many water molecules there are
How do you write the formula of ionic hydrates?
write the formula for the ionic compound, a dot, and then the number of water molecules
What are covalent compounds?
electrically neutral compounds made up of two or more non-metals
How do you name covalent compounds?
use prefixes on both elements and the second element needs to end in -ide
What are the two rules for naming covalent compounds?
never use mono- prefix for the first element and drop the vowel of the prefix if there is a vowel for the element except for i's
How do you write covalent compound formulas?
use the prefixes to determine how many of each element there are
What does mono- mean?
one
What does di- mean?
two
What does tri- mean?
three
What does tetra- mean?
four
What does penta- mean?
five
What does hexa- mean?
six
What does hepta- mean?
seven
What does octa- mean?
eight
What does nona- mean?
nine
What does deca- mean?
ten
What are acids?
hydrogen donors
What are binary acids?
acids containing hydrogen and one other element
How do you name binary acids?
name begins with hydro-, name of second element with -ic ending, and acid
How do you write binary acid formulas?
write the charge of the two elements and then switch the number to make the charge equal zero
What are oxyacids?
acids containing hydrogen and a polyatomic ion
How do you name oxyacids when the polyatomic ends in -ate?
name the element with the -ic ending and acid
How do you name oxyacids when the polyatomic ends in -ite?
name the element with the -ous ending and acid
How do you write oxyacid formulas?
use either the -ic or -ous ending to determine the polyatomic and determine the charge of hydrogen