aneurysm
-a localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery (most likely the aorta); congenital defect-signs: low back pain, ab/groin pain, nausea, rapid heart rate, -interventions: antihypertensive meds, surgery to repair aorta
angina pectoris
-chest pain that results when the heart does not get enough oxygen (narrowing of coronary arteries)-signs: painful tightness/pressure in the center of the chest-intervention: address underlying pathology
chronic venous insufficiency
-a condition in which the veins and valves in the lower extremity are damaged and cannot keep blood flowing to the heart due to partial vein blockage/leakage of venous valves-signs: leg swelling, varicose veins, aching, heaviness/cramping, itching, redness or skin ulcers in LE-interventions: compression stocking/elevation of LE
coronary artery disease
-narrowing of this artery due to atherosclerotic plaque build-up resulting in diminished blood flow. smoking is the leading preventable cause of this-signs: hypertension, DM, obesity, chronic kidney failure, elevated cholesterol, anginainterventions: lifestyle modifications such as weight loss, low saturated fat diet, regular exercise, etc.
deep vein thrombosis
-blood clot forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limbwhich could break loose and travel to the lungs causing a pulmonary embolism-signs: swelling, pain, redness, warmth in the affected LE-tests: Homan sign-interventions: compression stocking to prevent clot from getting bigger/traveling to the lungs
heart failure
-progressive condition in which the heart cannot maintain normal cardiac output to meet the body's demands for blood and oxygen-typically begins with the left ventricle-signs: SOB, fatigue, swelling of feet/legs/abs, rapid or irregular heartbeat, weight gain from fluid retention-interventions: meds and lifestyle modifications
lymphedema- mastectomy
-swelling of the tissues due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues-primary cause: damage/removal of axillary lymph nodes -signs: extreme swelling of the extremities -interventions: manual lymph draining, short stretch compression bandage, compression therapy, exercise, massage, use of mechanical pump
myocardial infarction
-occurs when blood flow through one or more of the coronary arteries is severely reduced/cut off completely -signs: chest discomfort, SOB, upper body pain, nausea interventions: anticoagulant meds, lifestyle modifications
peripheral arterial disease
-stenotic, occlusive, and aneurysmal diseases of the aorta and peripheral arteries-signs: fatigue, aching, numbness, buttock/thigh/calf/foot pain at rest or when walking, poorly healing wounds in LE-interventions: meds, lifestyle modifications, supervised exercises depending on severity
valvular heart disease
-damage to one or more of the heart's valves results in regurgitation or stenosis of blood flow-signs: heart palpitations, SOB, chest pain, coughing ankle swelling, and fatigue-interventions: meds
bronchitis
-inflammation of the bronchi caused by hypertrophy of the mucus secreting glands, increased mucus secretions, and insufficient oxygenation due to mucus blockagesigns: persistent cough with production of thick sputum, increased use of accessory muscles of breathing, wheezing, dyspnea, cyanosis, increased pulmonary artery pressure interventions: airway clearance, breathing exercise, endurance/strength training
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
-group of lung diseases that block airflow and make breathing difficult; commonly seen in smokers-emphysema and chronic bronchitis are two main conditions-signs: excessive mucus production, chronic productive cough, wheezing, SOB, fatigue, reduced exercise capacity-interventions: meds, cessation of smoking, airway clearance, breathing exercise, endurance/strength training
cystic fibrosis
-a genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems-causes the exocrine glands to overproduce thick mucus which causes obstruction; most common cause of death is respiratory failure-signs: salty tasting skin, cough, lung infection, wheezing, SOB, weight gaininterventions: airway clearance, breathing exercise, assisted cough, ventilatory muscle training
virchow's triad
-the causes of DVT that include: impaired venous flow, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulopathy