Med term review

Anterior or ventral

front of the body

Caudal

inferior, away from the head

Central

Mid- area

Cranial

Cephalic, superior, toward the head

Distal

farther from the origin or point of reference

Lateral

Away from the origin or point of reference

Medial

toward the median plane of the body or the middle of a part

Posterior

(dorsal) back of a part- not used to describe the foot

Proximal

Near the origin or point of reference

dorsal recumbent

supine, lying on back

ventral recumbent

lying face down, prone

Right lateral recumbent

lying on the right side

Left lateral recumbent

lying on the left side

Projection

Path of the central ray- beam

Position

Placement of the body- patient

View

image as seen by the image receptor (opposite of projection)

oblique

Body rotated from supine, prone, or lateral

right anterior oblique RAO

angle that places right anterior portion of the body closest to the image receptor

Left Anterior Oblique (LAO)

angle that places left anterior portion of the body closest to the image receptor

Left Posterior Oblique (LPO)

angle that places left posterior part of the body closest to the image receptor

right posterior oblique RPO

angle that places right posterior portion of the body closest to the image receptor

Decubitus position

patient lying down; central ray parallel to the floor (horizontal)

Left or right lateral decubitus

patient lying on left or right side; central ray parallel to the floor (horizontal); anteroposterior (AP) or posteroanterior (PA) projection

dorsal decubitus

patient lying on back; central ray parallel to the floor (horizontal), lateral projection

ventral decubitus

patient lying on abdomen; central ray parallel to the floor (horizontal), lateral projection

Tangential

Central ray skims between body parts or skins body surface; shoes profile of body part

Axial

Longitudinal angulation of the central ray with the long axis of the body part; projection that refers to images obtained with the central ray angled 10 degrees or more along long axis of part

Median Sagittal plane MSP

Plane that passes vertically through the midline of the body from front to back; also called midsaggital plane

sagittal plane

any plane parallel to the MSP

midcoronal plane

plane that passes vertically through midaxillary region of the body and coronal suture of the cranium at right angles to the MSP

Coronal plane

Any plane passing vertically through the body from side to side

transverse plane

Passes crosswise through the body at right angles to its longitudinal axis and the MSP and coronal planes; also called axial plane

Descriptive Terms for Bones

Projections, Depressions

Projections

Process, spine, tubercle, tuberosity, trochanter, crest, condyle, head

Process

Prominence- acromium

Spine

Sharp prominence- scapula

Tubercle

Rounded projection

Tuberosity

large rounded projection

Trochanter

Very large bony prominence

Crest

Ridge

Condyle

Round process of an articulating bone

Head

enlargement on the end of a bone

Depressions

Fossa, groove, sulcus, sinus, Foramen, meatus

Fossa

Pit- Elecranon fossa

Groove

furrow

Sulcus

Synonymous with groove

Sinus

Cavity within a bone

Foramen

Opening

Meatus

Tubelike

Articulations- classification basis

Structure, composition, mobility

Fibrous joints- synarthroses

Surface of bones almost in direct contact, with limited movement. Generally immovable. Examples: skull sutures

Cartilaginous joints- amphiarthroses

no joint cavity; contiguous bones united by cartilage and ligamentsslightly movableEx: intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis

synovial joints (diarthroses)

Approximating bone surface is covered with cartilage, freely movable, bones heal together by a fibrous capsules lined with synovial membrane and ligaments

Example of movement of synovial joints

Hinge, pivot, saddle, ball and socket, gliding, condyloid

Hinge

Permits motion in one plane only- elbow

Pivot

Permits rotary movement in which a ring rotates around a central axis (proximal radioulnar articulation)

Saddle

Opposing surfaces are concavo-convex, allowing flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction. (Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb)

Ball and socket

Capable of movement in an infinite number of axes; rounded head of one bone moves in a cup like cavity of the approximating base (hips)

Gliding

Articulation of contiguous bones allows only gliding movements (wrist, ankle)

Condyliod

Permits movement in two directions at right angles to one another; circumduction occurs, rotation does not (radiocarpal joints)

Bursae

1-Sacs filled with synovial fluid; located where tendons or muscles slide over underlying parts. 2-Some bursae communicate with a joint cavity. 3-Prominent bursae found at the elbow, shoulder, hip, and ness.

Movements

Gliding, flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation

Gliding

Simplest kind of motion in a joint. Motion of a joint that does not involve and angular or rotary movement

Flexion

Decrease angle formed by the union of two bones

Extension

increases the angle formed by the union of two bones

Circumduction

Occurs in ball and socket joints. Circumscribes the conic space of one noe by the other bone

Rotation

Turning on an axis without being displaced from that axis- skull.

Caud

Tail. (Same as inferior)

Cephal

Head (same as superior)

Coron

Crown (same as frontal)

Vent

Front

Ventr

Belly- same as anterior

Dors

Back- same as posterior

Decub

Side

Pronat

Bend down (palm down)

Supinate

Bend backward (palm up)

Ab

Away from

Ad

Toward

-duct

Lead

-ion

Process, action

-ion

Process, action

Roots

Arthr, osteo, seler

Arthr-

Joint

Osteo-

Bone

Scler-

Hard

Infero

Below

Super

Above

Pertaining to

-al, -ic, -ar, -ary, -inc

Hypo

Below or lesser

Hyper

Above or greater

Trans

Across- crosswise

Sub

Below

Epi

On, above

Peri

Around

Endo

Within

Intra

Within

Inter

Between

-tomy

Process of separating (Tom-cut)

Later

Side

Medi

Middle

Proxim

Nearest the center

Dist

Away

Bi

Two

Uni

One

Poly

Many

Post

After

Pre

Before

Ante

Before, front part

Co-

Together

Contra-

Against

Ipsi-

Same