Anterior or ventral
front of the body
Caudal
inferior, away from the head
Central
Mid- area
Cranial
Cephalic, superior, toward the head
Distal
farther from the origin or point of reference
Lateral
Away from the origin or point of reference
Medial
toward the median plane of the body or the middle of a part
Posterior
(dorsal) back of a part- not used to describe the foot
Proximal
Near the origin or point of reference
dorsal recumbent
supine, lying on back
ventral recumbent
lying face down, prone
Right lateral recumbent
lying on the right side
Left lateral recumbent
lying on the left side
Projection
Path of the central ray- beam
Position
Placement of the body- patient
View
image as seen by the image receptor (opposite of projection)
oblique
Body rotated from supine, prone, or lateral
right anterior oblique RAO
angle that places right anterior portion of the body closest to the image receptor
Left Anterior Oblique (LAO)
angle that places left anterior portion of the body closest to the image receptor
Left Posterior Oblique (LPO)
angle that places left posterior part of the body closest to the image receptor
right posterior oblique RPO
angle that places right posterior portion of the body closest to the image receptor
Decubitus position
patient lying down; central ray parallel to the floor (horizontal)
Left or right lateral decubitus
patient lying on left or right side; central ray parallel to the floor (horizontal); anteroposterior (AP) or posteroanterior (PA) projection
dorsal decubitus
patient lying on back; central ray parallel to the floor (horizontal), lateral projection
ventral decubitus
patient lying on abdomen; central ray parallel to the floor (horizontal), lateral projection
Tangential
Central ray skims between body parts or skins body surface; shoes profile of body part
Axial
Longitudinal angulation of the central ray with the long axis of the body part; projection that refers to images obtained with the central ray angled 10 degrees or more along long axis of part
Median Sagittal plane MSP
Plane that passes vertically through the midline of the body from front to back; also called midsaggital plane
sagittal plane
any plane parallel to the MSP
midcoronal plane
plane that passes vertically through midaxillary region of the body and coronal suture of the cranium at right angles to the MSP
Coronal plane
Any plane passing vertically through the body from side to side
transverse plane
Passes crosswise through the body at right angles to its longitudinal axis and the MSP and coronal planes; also called axial plane
Descriptive Terms for Bones
Projections, Depressions
Projections
Process, spine, tubercle, tuberosity, trochanter, crest, condyle, head
Process
Prominence- acromium
Spine
Sharp prominence- scapula
Tubercle
Rounded projection
Tuberosity
large rounded projection
Trochanter
Very large bony prominence
Crest
Ridge
Condyle
Round process of an articulating bone
Head
enlargement on the end of a bone
Depressions
Fossa, groove, sulcus, sinus, Foramen, meatus
Fossa
Pit- Elecranon fossa
Groove
furrow
Sulcus
Synonymous with groove
Sinus
Cavity within a bone
Foramen
Opening
Meatus
Tubelike
Articulations- classification basis
Structure, composition, mobility
Fibrous joints- synarthroses
Surface of bones almost in direct contact, with limited movement. Generally immovable. Examples: skull sutures
Cartilaginous joints- amphiarthroses
no joint cavity; contiguous bones united by cartilage and ligamentsslightly movableEx: intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis
synovial joints (diarthroses)
Approximating bone surface is covered with cartilage, freely movable, bones heal together by a fibrous capsules lined with synovial membrane and ligaments
Example of movement of synovial joints
Hinge, pivot, saddle, ball and socket, gliding, condyloid
Hinge
Permits motion in one plane only- elbow
Pivot
Permits rotary movement in which a ring rotates around a central axis (proximal radioulnar articulation)
Saddle
Opposing surfaces are concavo-convex, allowing flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction. (Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb)
Ball and socket
Capable of movement in an infinite number of axes; rounded head of one bone moves in a cup like cavity of the approximating base (hips)
Gliding
Articulation of contiguous bones allows only gliding movements (wrist, ankle)
Condyliod
Permits movement in two directions at right angles to one another; circumduction occurs, rotation does not (radiocarpal joints)
Bursae
1-Sacs filled with synovial fluid; located where tendons or muscles slide over underlying parts. 2-Some bursae communicate with a joint cavity. 3-Prominent bursae found at the elbow, shoulder, hip, and ness.
Movements
Gliding, flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation
Gliding
Simplest kind of motion in a joint. Motion of a joint that does not involve and angular or rotary movement
Flexion
Decrease angle formed by the union of two bones
Extension
increases the angle formed by the union of two bones
Circumduction
Occurs in ball and socket joints. Circumscribes the conic space of one noe by the other bone
Rotation
Turning on an axis without being displaced from that axis- skull.
Caud
Tail. (Same as inferior)
Cephal
Head (same as superior)
Coron
Crown (same as frontal)
Vent
Front
Ventr
Belly- same as anterior
Dors
Back- same as posterior
Decub
Side
Pronat
Bend down (palm down)
Supinate
Bend backward (palm up)
Ab
Away from
Ad
Toward
-duct
Lead
-ion
Process, action
-ion
Process, action
Roots
Arthr, osteo, seler
Arthr-
Joint
Osteo-
Bone
Scler-
Hard
Infero
Below
Super
Above
Pertaining to
-al, -ic, -ar, -ary, -inc
Hypo
Below or lesser
Hyper
Above or greater
Trans
Across- crosswise
Sub
Below
Epi
On, above
Peri
Around
Endo
Within
Intra
Within
Inter
Between
-tomy
Process of separating (Tom-cut)
Later
Side
Medi
Middle
Proxim
Nearest the center
Dist
Away
Bi
Two
Uni
One
Poly
Many
Post
After
Pre
Before
Ante
Before, front part
Co-
Together
Contra-
Against
Ipsi-
Same