Nucleus
Found only in eukaryotes. Where the genetic material (DNA) is stored. Surrounded by an envelope called the nuclear membrane.
Vacuole
Found only in eukaryotes. Used to store things inside the cell. Larger in plants to store water.
Smooth ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)
Found only in eukaryotes. Contains many tubes and channels to make and transport lipids. Also used to detoxify poisons.
Golgi
Found only in eukaryotes. Packages and transports proteins in vesicles. Looks like a big stack of flattened pancakes.
Ribosome
Used by all cells - eukaryotes and prokaryotes - to make proteins.
Mitochondria
Uses the energy in sugars to charge up ATP from ADP which provides energy for the cell.
Cell Wall
Outermost layer of plant, fungus, and bacteria cells - beyond the cell membrane. Animals cells do not have this. Provides structure and support like an exoskeleton.
Lysosome
Found only in animal cells. This organelle digests and recycles old cell parts.
Cell Membrane
All cells are surrounded by this. It controls what goes in and out of the cell.
Cytoplasm
The jelly-like liquid inside all cells. Where all of the chemical reactions can take place inside of the cell.
Chloroplast
Found only in plant cells. Where photosynthesis happens. Uses carbon dioxide and water to make sugar and oxygen. Stores the energy of light in sugar molecules.
Centrioles
Found only in animals. Helps with cell division.
Nucleolus
Found only in eukaryotes. Small area inside the nucleus where ribosomes are made.
Rough ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)
Found only in eukaryotes. A series of channels connected to the nucelus with many ribosomes attached. It makes proteins with the attached ribosomes and transports them to the Golgi.
Cytoskeleton
A network of long protein strands in the cytosol (another word for cytoplasm) that supports the cell on the inside and gives it a shape.
Cilia
Hair-like projections on the surface of some cells. Used for movement of the cell or the fluid surrounding the cell.
Flagella
A long, whip-like "tail" that is attached to the outside of some cells. Helps the cell move or "swim" through a liquid.
Eukaryote
One of the two main types of cells. This type stores the chromosomes (DNA) in a nucleus. Has membrane bound organelles and can be either uni or multi-cellular. Plants and Animals are examples of this.
Prokaryote
One of the two main types of cells. This type has a single, circular chromosome (DNA) in the cytoplasm. It does not have a nucleus. No membrane bound organelles and all are unicellular. Bacteria and Archaea are examples of this.
Chromosome
A large molecule of DNA that contains genetic information. Eukaryotes store them in the nucleus. Prokaryotes have one circular one that floats freely in the cell.
Prophase of Mitosis
The 1st stage of mitosis. During this stage, the nuclear membrane dissolves, chromosomes condense, and the spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes.
The Cell Cycle
The name for the type of eukaryotic cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells (copies of the parent cell). There are three main phases: (1) Interphase, (2) Mitosis, and (3) Cytokinesis.
G1 of Interphase
The 1st stage of interphase during the cell cycle. During this phase the cell is growing in size.
S of Interphase
The 2nd stage of interphase during the cell cycle. During this phase, the cell synthesizes a copy of the DNA (replicates the chromosomes by making a genetically identical copy).
G2 of Interphase
The 3rd stage of interphase during the cell cycle. During this phase the cell is getting ready to divide.
Interphase
The longest phase of the cell cycle has three parts: G1 (growing), S (replicating the DNA), and G2 (getting ready to divide).
Mitosis (also called M-phase)
The 2nd phase of the cell cycle has four parts: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. The result is two identical copies of the cell's nucleus.
Metaphase of Mitosis
The 2nd stage of mitosis. During this stage, the sister chromatids line up along the middle (equator) of the cell.
Anaphase of Mitosis
The 3rd stage of mitosis. During this stage, the sister chromatids separate and move to opposites poles (sides) of the cell.
Telophase of Mitosis
The 4th stage of mitosis. During this stage, two new nuclei form around the two separated sets of genetically identical chromosomes.
Cytokinesis
The 3rd phase of the cell cycle. This is when the cytoplasm is divided and two new cells form.
Cleavage Furrow
The pinching of the cell membrane and cytoplasm during the cytokinesis of animal cells.
Cell Plate
The formation of a new cell membrane and cell wall between two daughter nuclei during the cytokinesis of plant cells.
Chromosomes
Large molecules of DNA that contain many genes. Humans have 46 of them in each one of our trillions of somatic (body) cells.
Sister Chromatids
After DNA replication, the two identical copies of a chromosome are joined together in an "X" shape. The genetically identical halves of the "X" are called _____________________.
Centromere
The center of a chromosome. This is the part of the chromosome where the two genetically identical sister chromatids are joined together after DNA replication.
Cancer
A disease that is the result of mutations that cause a disruption to the normal pace of the cell cycle. Mitosis and cytokinesis occur too often and apoptosis does not occur often enough.
Binary Fission
The name for prokaryotic (bacterial) cell division. This is how organisms with no nucleus reproduce.
Mutation
Any change in the DNA. Caused by internal and external factors. The main internal cause is errors in DNA replication. The three main external causes are radiation, chemicals, and viruses.
Apoptosis
The death of cells in multicellular organisms that happens on purpose. Sometimes referred to as "programmed cell death". This is why leaves turn brown and fall when the seasons change.
6
If there are 6 chromosomes in the parent cell, this is the number of chromosomes in each of the two daughter cells after mitosis.
12
If there are 12 chromosomes in the parent cell, this is the number of chromosomes in each of the two daughter cells after mitosis.
24
If there are 24 chromosomes in the parent cell, this is the number of chromosomes in each of the two daughter cells after mitosis.
46
This is the number of chromosomes in a normal human body cell.
Equation for Photosynthesis
carbon dioxide gas + water -----> glucose + oxygen gas
Equation for Cellular Respiration
glucose + oxygen gas -----> carbon dioxide gas + water
Cellular Respiration
This process transfers the energy stored in sugar to ATP. This process occurs in the mitochondria. Sugar is broken down to convert ADP into ATP. Uses oxygen gas and produces carbon dioxide gas.
Photosynthesis
This process makes sugar using the energy in light. This process occurs in the chloroplast. Uses carbon dioxide gas and produces oxygen gas.
Fermentation
This process allows cells to keep producing ATP energy when oxygen it not present. Many foods are produced using bacteria and yeast that produce alcohol or lactic acid when they use this process.
Lactic Acid
This is produced by muscle cells when they perform anaerobic respiration. When this product of fermentation builds up in muscle cells after exercise, it causes soreness.
Aerobic Respiration
One of the two types of cellular respiration. This type of respiration occurs when oxygen gas is present.
Anaerobic Respiration
One of the two types of cellular respiration. This type of respiration occurs when oxygen gas is not present. Leads to fermentation.
Glucose
The type of sugar produced by photosynthesis and then broken down in cellular respiration.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
The molecule cells use to provide energy for most of the activities in the cell. Sugar is broken down during cellular respiration to transfer energy to this molecule.
Reactants of photosynthesis
water and carbon dioxide gas (Are these the reactants or products of photosynthesis?)
Products of photosynthesis
glucose and oxygen gas (Are these the reactants or products of photosynthesis?)
Reactants of cellular respiration
glucose and oxygen gas (Are these the reactants or products of cellular respiration?)
Products of cellular respiration
water and carbon dioxide gas (Are these the reactants or products of cellular respiration?)
How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?
The products of one are the reactants of the other. It is a cycle.