31. Evisceration
An intestine or other internal organ protruding through a wound in the abdomen
31. Flail chest
fracture of two or more adjacent ribs in two or more places that allows for free movement of the fractured segment
31. paradoxical motion
movement of the ribs in a flail segment that is opposite to the direction of movement of the rest of the chest cavity
31. pneumothorax
air in the chest cavity
31. sucking chest wound
an open chest wound in which air is "sucked" into the chest cavity
31. tension pneumothorax
a type of pneumothorax in which air that enters the chest cavity is prevented from escaping, pressure is put on the heart and vena cava
31. top of chest cavity-bottom of cavity
collar bones-diaphragm
31. top of abdominal cavity-bottom of cavity
diaphragm-lower region of pelvis
31. hemothorax
chest cavity fills with blood
31. hemopneumothorax
chest cavity fills with blood and air
31. traumatic asphyxia
sudden compression of chest, blood forced into head
31. cardiac tamponade
blood leaks into pericardial sac, compressing the heart to the point that it doesn't fill
31. commotio cordis
heart trauma when it is electrically vulnerable
32. Angulated Fracture
a fracture in which the broken bone segments are at an angle to each other
32. bones
hard but flexible living structures that provide support for the body and protection of the vital organs
32. cartilage
tough tissue that covers the joint ends of bones and helps to form certain body parts, such as the ear
32. closed extremity injury
an injury to an extremity with no associated opening in the skin
32. comminuted fracture
a fracture in which the bone is broken in several places
32. compartment syndrome
injury caused when tissues such as blood vessels and nerves are constricted within a space, as from swelling or from a tight dressing or cast
32. crepitus
a grating sensation or sound made when fractured bone ends rub together
32. dislocation
the disruption or "coming apart" of a joint
32. extremities
the portions of the skeleton that include the clavicles, scapulae, arms, wrists, and hands (upper extremities) and the pelvis, thighs, legs, ankles, and feet (lower extremities)
32. fracture
any break in a bone
32. greenstick fracture
an incomplete fracture
32. joints
places where bones articulate, or meet
32. ligaments
tissues that connect bone to bone
32. manual traction
the process of applying tension to straighten and realign a fractured limb before splinting (tension)
32. muscles
tissues or fibers that cause movement of body parts and organs
32. open extremity injury
an extremity injury in which the skin has been broken or torn through from the inside by an injured bone, or from the outside by something that has caused a penetrating wound with associated injury to the bone
32. sprain
the stretching and tearing or ligaments
32. strain
muscle injury resulting from overstretching or over-exertion of the muscle
32. tendons
tissues that connect muscle to bone
32. traction splint
a splint that applies constant pull along the length of a lower extremity to help stabilize the factured bone and to reduce muscle spasm in the limb. traction splints are used primarily on closed femoral shaft fractures
32. Can bone's bleed?
yes, they are highly vascularized so when broken they can bleed
32. periostium
the material that covers bones
32. MTB vs BLB
Muscle-tendon-bone, vs bone-ligament-bone
32. if your patient has life threatening issues and broken bones, what should you do?
immediately package patient for transport and splint en route if possible
32. should you push open fractured bones back into the body?
no
33. The head should be secured to a backboard
last
33. air embolism
a bubble of air in the bloodstream
33. ataxic respirations
a pattern of irregular and unpredictable breathing commonly caused by brain injury
33. autonomic nervous system
controls involuntary functions
33. central nervous system
the brain and the spinal cord
33. central neurogenic hyperventilation
a pattern of rapid and deep breathing caused by injury to the brain
33. cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord
33. cheyne-stokes breathing
a distinct pattern of breathing characterized by quickening and deepening respirations followed by a period of apnea
33. concussion
mild closed head injury without detectable damage to the brain, complete recovery is usually expected but effects may linger for a while
33. contusion
in brain injuries, a bruised brain caused when the force of a blow to the head is great enough to rupture blood vessels
33. cranium
the bony structure making up the forehead, top, back, and upper sides of the skull
33. dermatome
an area of the skin that is innervated by a single spinal nerve
33. foramen magnum
the opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes from the brain
33. hematoma
in a head injury, a collection of blood within the skull or brain
33. herniation
pushing of a portion of the brain downward toward the foramen magnum as a result of increased intracranial pressure
33. intracranial pressure (ICP)
pressure inside the skull
33. laceration
in brain injuries, a cut to the brain
33. malar
the cheekbone (aka zygomatic bone)
33. mandible
the lower jawbone
33. maxillae
the two fused bones forming the upper jaw
33. nasal bones
the bones that form the upper third, or bridge, of the nose
33. nervous system
provides overall control of thought, sensation, and the body's voluntary and involuntary motor functions, the components of the nervous system are the brain and the spinal cord, as well as the nerves that enter and exit the brain and spinal cord and extend to the various parts of the body
33. neurogenic shock
a state of shock (hypoperfusion) caused by nerve paralysis that sometimes develops from spinal cord injuries
33. orbits
the bony structures around the eyes; the eye sockets
33. peripheral nervous system
the nerves that enter and exit the spinal cord between the vertebrae, the 12 pairs of cranial nerves that travel between the brain and organs without passing through the spinal cord, and all of the body's other motor and sensory nerves
33. pulmonary air embolism
a blockage in the blood circulation of the lung caused by a blood clot or air bubble
33. spinal motion restriction
limiting the movement of the spine to prevent additional injury
33. spinous process
the bony bump on a vertebra
33. temporal bones
bones that form part of the side of the skull and floor of the cranial cavity, there are right and left temporal bones
33. temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
the movable joint formed between the mandible and the temporal bone
33. vertebrae
the bones of the spinal column (singular vertebra)
33. you should put direct pressure on cut to scalp if there is
no trauma to the skull
33. dura
lines the brain
33. cushing reflex
hematoma leads to increase in blood pressure because it is harder to get blood into the brain, resulting in decreased heart rate
33. GCS score below -- means direct transport to trauma center
14
33. if you suspect a spinal injury, which airway opening technique should you use?
jaw-thrust
33. which areas of the spine are most susceptible to damage
cervical and lumbar because they are not supported by other bones
33. if the spinal patient is a pregnant woman on a backboard
you should tilt the backboard so that the uterus does not put pressure on the veins of the mother
34. Multiple trauma
more than one serious injury
34. multisystem trauma
one or more injuries that affect more than one body system
34. trauma score
a system of evaluation trauma patients according to numerical rating system to determine the severity of the patients' trauma
34. Revised trauma score (RTS)
one method of classifying trauma patients by severity, includes the Glasgow Coma scale (GCS, systolic blood pressure, and respiratory rate), very commonly used
35. active rewarming
application of an external heat source to rewarm the body of a hypothermic patient
35. air embolism
gas bubble in the bloodstream (the more accurate term is arterial gas embolism (AGE))
35. central rewarming
application of heat to the lateral chest, neck, armpits and groin of a hypothermic patient
35. conduction
the transfer of heat from one material to another through direct contact
35. convection
carrying away of heat by currents of air, water, or other gases or liquids
35. decompression sickness
a condition resulting from nitrogen trapped in the body's tissues, caused by coming up too quickly from a deep, prolonged dive, a symptom of decompression sickness is "the bends" (deep pain in the muscles and joints
35. drowning
the process of experiencing respiratory impairment from submersion/immersion in liquid, which may result in death, morbidity (illness or other adverse effects), or no morbidity
35. evaporation
the changing of liquid to gas, when the body perspires or gets wet, evaporation of the perspiration or other liquid into the air has a cooling effect on the body
35. hyperthermia
an increase in body temperature above normal, which is a life-threatening condition in its extreme
35. hypothermia
generalized cooling that reduces body temperature below normal, which is a life-threatening condition in its extreme
35. local cooling
cooling or freezing of particular (local) parts of the body
35. passive rewarming
covering a hypothermic patient and taking other steps to prevent further heat loss and help the body rewarm itself
35. radiation
sending out energy, such as heat, in waves into space
35. respiration
breathing, during respiration body heat is lost as warm air is exhaled from the body
35. toxins
substances produced by animals or plants that are poisonous to humans
35. venom
a toxin (poison) produced by certain animals such as snakes, spiders, and some other marine life forms (animals)
35. water chill
chilling caused by conduction of heat from the body when the body or clothing is wet
35. wind chill
chilling caused by convection of heat from the body in the presence of air currents
35. first priority for patient that is too hot or cold
remove them from the environment
35. frostbite
the freezing of tissue
35. best sign of heat stroke
warm skin
35. the group most susceptible to hypothermia
infants and the elderly
35. humidity restricts
heat loss from sweating
35. when ventilating a drowning victim you may have to ventilate
stronger
35. altitude at which mountain sickness can take effect
5,000 feet