List the functions of the plasma membrane and the structural features that enable it to perform those functions
Contemporary cell theory incorporates several basic concepts: (1) Cells are the building blocks of all plants and animals; (2) cells are produced by the division of preexisting cells; (3) cells are the smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions; and (4) each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level.
Describe the organelles of a typical cell, and indicate the specific functions of each
Cytology, the study of cellular structure and function, is part of cell biology
Explain the functions of the cell nucleus, and discuss the nature and importance of the genetic code.
The human body contains two types of cells: sex cells (sperm and oocytes) and somatic cells (all other cells).
Summarize the role of DNA in protein synthesis, cell structure, and cell function
A typical cell is surrounded by extracellular fluid—specifically, the interstitial fluid of the tissue. The cell's outer boundary is the plasma membrane (cell membrane).
Describe the processes of cellular diffusion and osmosis, and explain their role in physiological systems.
The plasma membrane's functions include physical isolation, regulation of exchange with the environment, sensitivity to the environment, and structural support
Describe carrier-mediated transport and vesicular transport mechanisms used by cells to facilitate the absorption or removal of specific substances.
The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer, which contains other lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
Explain the origin and significance of the cell membrane potential
Integral proteins are part of the membrane itself; peripheral proteins are attached to, but can separate from, the membrane
Describe the stages of the cell life cycle, including interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis, and explain their significance
Membrane proteins can act as anchors (anchoring proteins), identifiers (recognition proteins), enzymes, receptors (receptor proteins), carriers (carrier proteins), or channels.
Discuss the regulation of the cell life cycle
The carbohydrate portions of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids form the glycocalyx on the outer cell surface. Functions include lubrication and protection, anchoring and locomotion, specificity in binding, and recognition.
Discuss the relationship between cell division and cancer.
Discuss the relationship between cell division and cancer.
Define cellular differentiation, and explain its importance
Cytosol (intracellular fluid) differs from extracellular fluid in composition and in the presence of inclusions.
Nonmembranous organelles
ribosomes, centrosomes, centrioles, basal bodies
membranous organelles
mitochondria, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes
Cytoskeleton
A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement
Microvilli
projections that increase the cell's surface area
Centrosome
A structure in animal cells containing centrioles from which the spindle fibers develop.
primary cilium
a single, nonmotile attachment which acts as a signal sensor
Ribosomes
Makes proteins