Native Americans
included clan, tribe, village, chiefdom, and confederacy. spoke diverse languages, held religious beliefs, and practiced varied customs and traditions
Algonquian peoples
one of North America's most populous and widespread Native America's most populous and widespread Native language groups, included powhatan, pequots, and narrangasetts
Three sisters
corn, beans, squash
King Phillip's War
Wampanoags, under the leadership of Metacomet, opposed the Puritans' encroachment into Native lands
confederacy
a union of sovereign groups or states united for purposes of common action; also called an alliance or a league, these unions were created to deal with critical issues related to defense, foreign relations, or trace
Iroquois confederacy
consisted of an alliance between five independent nations that shared a related language, mohawk, oneida, onondaga, cayuga, and seneca
French-Native relations
national glory, profit, and a religious mission to convert "the savages
Anglicization
the process by which the English colonies in North America increasingly expressed a shared British identity in their political and judicial systems, material culture, economies, religious systems, and engagements with the British empire
material culture
the totality of physical objects created by a people for daily life, including tools, art, buildings, and other everyday objects
English-Native relations
the English elected to remain separate from local Indian tribes
missionary
a person sent on a religious mission, especially one sent to promote Christianity in a foreign country
Albany plan
plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown
militia
a body of citizens organized for military service
The Treaty of Paris, 1763
The British received Quebec, and the Ohio Valley, the Spanish received the port of New Orleans and all French land west of the Mississippi river
Pontiac's War
an Ottawa chief near Fort Detroit encouraged Ohio country tribes to unite against the British
Proclamation of 1763
forbade all American settlement of the area west of the Appalachian Mountains
Puritan
a member of a religious reform movement that arose in the Church of England in the late sixteenth century; members settled in various North American colonies, favoring the region of New England
salutary neglect
an eighteenth-century British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of trade regulations in the American colonies and limited imperial supervision of internal colonial affairs, provided that the colonies remained loyal subjects
The Stamp Act of 1765
imposed a direct tax on the British colonies, requiring that many printed materials be produced on stamped paper made in London
Parliament
the supreme legislative body of the U.K., consisting of the sovereign, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons
Stamp Act Congress
the first gathering of elected representatives from several American colonies to formulate a unified protest of British taxation
virtual representation
argued by George Grenville, the American colonists were virtually represented within Parliament
Townshend Acts
A tax that the British Parliament passed in 1767 that was placed on leads, glass, paint and tea
Declaratory Act
had established Parliament's supreme authority over the colonies, including the right to levy taxes
Boston Non-Importation Agreement
Boston-based merchants and traders pledged not to import or export British trade goods
The Sons of Liberty
organized a loosely organized secret organization to British policies, used threats and intimidation against British officials
crowd action
participation by the public in informal political activities, typically out of the doors, in the American Revolution these included mass meetings, boycotts, parades,
The Boston Massacre
termed "Bloody Massacre" by Patriots, the events of March 5, 1770, a brawl between Bostonians and British troops escalated into an armed conflict in front of the Custom House on King Street
Boston Tea Party
A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.
Tea Act
allowed the British East India Company to severely undercut its competition while still charging three-pence tax on tea
Coercive Acts
intended to punish unruly Massachusetts and reverse the trend of colonial resistance, directly responded to the Boston Tea Party
Port Act
closed the port of Boston until the colonists compensated the British East India Company for the tea
Massachusetts Government Act
revoked the Massachusetts charter of 1691, limiting town meetings to once a year and increasing the power of the royal governor
Administration of Justice Act
allowed the British governor to move trials for royal officials and British troops elsewhere within the empire if he feared the defendants could not get a fair trial
Quartering Act
Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.
Quebec Act
Extended boundaries of Quebec into the Ohio Valley and recognized the Catholic Church as the established church