Malpractice
medical wrong doing
Negligence
a breach or failure to fulfill the expected standard of care.
assualt
threat to inflict injury
battery
the actual physical impact on another peson
false imprisonment
confinement with our legal authority
slander
words falsely spoken that damage the reputation of another
libel
written defamation that causes injury to another persons
res ispa loquitor
the thing speaks for itself
respndeat superior
let the master answer- his principle makes an employer or principal legally responsible for the wrongful acts done by an employee or agent
tort
a personal injury- a wrong that involves a breach of civil duty
beneficence
taking action to serve the best interest of patients and their families
informed consent
give in writing by a patient or legal guardian, attesting that the patient understands the procedure and all possible outcomes and agrees to undergo the examination.
written consent
an official binding agreement signed either on paper or digitally by parties involved
oral (verbal) consent
means that the individual obtaining consent reads/ explains a verbal version of consent and subjects gives their verbal consent.
implied consent
not expressly granted by a person but rather implicitly granted by a person's actions and the cards and circumstances of a particular situation.
confidentiality
involves a set of rules or a promise usually executed through confidentiality agreements that limits access or restrictions.
HIPPA
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996-safeguarding of medical information
AHA
American Hospital Association- a professional association that seeks to promote quality health care provision by hospitals and health care networks.
objective signs/ symtptoms
objective indicators are factual that can be observed through inspection, palpation, auscultation- aka "signs
subjective signs/ symptoms
information provided by the patient- perceptible only to the patient such as pain, vertigo- aka symptoms
syndrome
a group of signs and symptoms that occur together and characterize a particular abnormality or condition
claustrophobia
an extreme and/ or irrational fear of confined places.
A normal blood pressure range is?
less than 120/ less than 80
What is treatment for a contrast (Gad) reaction?
Prednisone or Benadryl
What are some serious reactions to contrast?
headache, hives or rashes, itchiness, stuffy nose or sneezing
what is treatment for a latex reaction?
antihistamines or corticosteroids
what are some latex reactions?
skin redness, rash, hives or itching
What are the 6 links of the infection cycle?
O.R.T.V.E.H- organism (pathogen), reservoir, transmission, vector, entry, host
Pathogen
any virus, bacteria, fungus, or parasite
Reservoir
any person, animal, plant soil, or substances that an infection agent lives
Portal of exit
hoe the organism leaves a host- sneezing, coughing or fecal mater
Mode of transmission
how the organism is transmitted or travels.
Types of transmission?
Direct: droplet or direct contact.Indirect: airborne, vehicle-borne, vector-borne.
Portal of entry
site at which the organism can enter the host
Susceptible host
The final link in the chain of infection. Where the organism lives.
Medical Asepsis
Clean technique- reducing and preventing the spread of microorganisms
Surgical Asepsis
Sterile Technique- When you eliminate ALL pathogens completely from a surface.
What is the formula for contrast agent volume?
Volume= Dose x Weight/Contrast V=D x W/C
Fluro triggering
a way to see the auomatic bolus detection
Timing Bolus
a way to estimate the bolus arrival time
Automatic Bolus Tracking
used to trigger the begin of the exam with the time that the contrast agent reaches area of interest.
What is Gadolinium
used to enhance relaxation rates: injected into the blood stream and absorbed in certain tissues, making object appear bright on and MR image.
How long will contrast stay in the system with normal kidney function?
~24 hours and exits the through the urinary tract.
What keeps Gadolinium from being toxic?
a process called Chelation- Linear and Macrocyclic
What is Linear Chelation?
process that wraps Gad ions to an organic molecule- "chain and ball". ie. Magnevist, MultiHance, Omniscan and Eovist
What is Macrocyclic Chelation?
process that surrounds the Gad ions to an organic molecule-"cage". ie. ProHance, Gadavist, Dotarem.
Which Chelation is more stable?
Macrocyclic-More likely to pass through the body without losing any Gad.
What is the ideal type of contrast to use?
macrocyclic, non-ionic- to improve patient safety- ProHance or Gadavist
Which has higher risk Ionic or non- ionic?
Ionic- higher osmolality so higher risk of complications.
What lab values should be checked for contrast?
BUN: 7-20mg/dl, Creatine Men: .9-1.3mg/dl Women: .6-1.1mg/dl, eGFR: >30
What is Extravasation?
leakage of agents into tissues around IV site.
What is infiltration?
when the fluid infiltrates to the surrounding tissue.
What year was Magnavist IV Gad first approved by the FDA?
1988