Presoftening
the technique that allows for better haircolor penetration by softening the cuticle; often used prior to haircoloring resistant and/or gray hair
Chemistry
Science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter, and how matter changes under different conditions.
Preliminary strand test
Performed as part of your guest consultation to test how the hair will respond to the chemical application
Amino Acids
building blocks of proteins (hair) that link together to form tiny protein fibers
Peptide Bonds
also known as end bonds; connect amino acids (end to end) that form polypeptides
Polypeptide chain
long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Side bonds
Also known as Cross Bonds, connect polypeptide chains side-by-side; responsible for strength and elasticity
Hydrogen bonds
Physical side bond (cross bond) easily broken by water or heat; reforms when hair cools and/or dries
Salt Bonds
Weak physical side bonds (cross bonds) easily broken by change in pH; reform when pH balance is restored
disulifide bond
Strong chemical side bonds that can only be broken by chemical solutions
occupational disease
Any illness caused by overexposure to certain products or ingredients
physical mixture
Consist of two or more types of matter that are blended together, but not chemically altered; each part in the mixture maintains its own properties
Miscible
When a substance is able to be mixed with another substance
Immiscible
describes two or more liquids that do not mix with each other
Potential hydrogen (PH)
A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution
pH scale
scale with values from 0 to 14, used to measure the concentration of H+ ions in a solution; a pH of 0 to 7 is acidic, a pH of 7 is neutral, and a pH of 7 to 14 is basic
Chemical relaxing
To chemically alter naturally curly or wavy hair into a straighter form
Lanthionization
The process of removing one sulfur atom and replacing it with a disulfide bond
normalizing lotions
solutions with an acidic pH that restore the hair's natural pH after a hydroxide relaxer
Neutralizing shampoo
Used to help to remove any remaining chemicals left in the hair after a chemical relaxer and to restore hair to normal acidic pH
Base cream
Also known as protective base cream; oily cream used to protect the skin and scalp during hair relaxing.
Neutralizing
Also known as rebonding, is chemically restoring disulfide bonds to harden into a new shape
Hydroxide neutralization
Also called an acid/alkali neutralization reaction; it neutralizes any remaining alkaline residue left by the hydroxide relaxer and helps to restore the pH of the hair and scalp
viscocity
The measurement of the thickness or thinness of a liquid that affects how the fluid flows.
Hydroxide relaxer
Relaxers with a high alkaline (pH) content; available in varying formulations
Sodium hydroxide (lye)
A strong alkaline ingredient used in chemical relaxers
Potassium hydroxide / lithium hydroxide
A very strong alkaline ingredient used in chemical relaxers; typically marketed as no-mix, no-lye
Guanidine hydroxide
Relaxer requiring the mixing of two products; advertised as 'no-lye' for sensitive skin
base relaxers
Requires a protective base cream to be applied to the hairline and scalp
no-base relaxers
Do not require the application of a protective base cream (no lye)
Thioglycolate Relaxers
known as 'thio relaxers' by industry standards, are chemical compounds with the additive ingredient ammonia; considered to be a 'no-lye' relaxer, suitable for soft curl reformation
Ammonia thioglycolate (ATG)
A combination of ammonia and thioglycolic acid that creates a reducing agent used in permanent waves and relaxers
Ammonia bisulfite relaxer
A mild, alternative relaxer containing a low pH compatible with thio relaxers
Formaldehyde
An organic compound that is a colorless, flammable and pungent gas; present in the air and many food and beauty products
Formaldehyde-free
Products are manufactured without the use of formaldehyde but could omit a formaldehyde gas upon use
Aldehyde
Results from the oxidation of primary alcohols; there are several other chemicals in the class of highly reactive chemical compounds (composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen)
Permanent waving
Chemically rearranging straight hair into a curly or wavy form
Protective cream
A cream barrier applied around the hairline and ears to protect the skin from permanent wave lotions or haircolor
Neutralizer
Chemical solution that stops the waving process of a permanent wave; rebuilds the bonds into their new form
Thio neutralization
The process of stopping a permanent wave and reforming the hair into its new curly shape
Preliminary test curl
Determines the required processing time and ensures that the desired curl has been achieved for a permanent wave service
Alkaline waves
also known as cold waves; have a pH between 9.0 and 9.6, use ammonium thioglycolate (ATG) as the reducing agent, and process at room temperature without the addition of heat
glyceryl monothioglycolate (GMTG)
The main active ingredient in true acid waves
True acid waves
Permanent waves processed with the application of heat that have a pH range between 4.5 to 7; the main ingredient is typically glyceryl monothioglycolate (GMTG); these acid waves process slower than alkaline waves
Acid balanced waves
permanent waves processed without heat that have a pH ranging between 7.0 to 8.2; produce a firmer curl and process more quickly than true acid waves
Endothermic wave
Processed by the application of heat; hood dryer, heat processor
Exothermic wave
Processed by chemical reaction that releases heat; self heating
Ammonia free waves
Use an ingredient other than ammonia to reduce the odor associated with ammonia perms
Concave rods
Perm rods that have a smaller diameter in the center that increases to a larger diameter on the ends.
Straight rods
Perm rods that are equal in diameter along their entire length or curling area.
Bender rod
also known as Flexible Rods, are foam-covered perm rods that are easily bent into different shapes and used for permanent waving
Loop rod
also known as a Circle Rod, is a long, plastic rod that is used to create spiral curls
Double flat wrap
Requires hair to be placed between two end papers, one on each side of the hair strand
Book end wrap
Requires only one paper, which is folded in half much like a book
Single flat wrap
Requires only one paper used in conjunction with either the double end or book end wraps
croquignole perm wrap
Wrapping the hair from ends to scalp in overlapping concentric layers
Spiral wrap
consists of wrapping the hair at an angle other than parallel to the length of the rod, which will create a coiling effect of the hair
Base direction
the position of the perm rod horizontal, vertical, or diagonal, within a section and/or parting
Base sections
The subsections located within a larger panel section; the hair is divided into smaller subsections that hold one perm rod each
Base control
also known as Base Placement, is the position of the tool in relation to its base section and is determined by the angle at which the hair is wrapped
Basic perm wrap
Also known as Straight Set Wrap or 9-Block Wrap, is controlled sections of hair in which perm rods are placed in rectangular-shaped subsections
Curvature perm wrap
Consists of partings that follow the shape of your guests head
Bricklay perm wrap
Perm rods are placed within a staggered pattern of subsections
Weave perm wrap
Wrapping consisting of controlled sections of hair that replaces straight partings with zigzag partings
Piggyback perm wrap
also known as the Double-Rod, is a wrap technique where hair longer than 10 to 12 inches is wrapped on one rod from the mid-shaft to scalp, and the remaining hair is wrapped around a second rod
Soft curl reformation
A chemical texture service that restructures overly curly hair into loose curls or waves
Porosity
The ability of the hair to absorb any liquid
Elasticity
The capability of the hair strand to stretch and return to its previous form without breaking; elasticity is directly related to the condition of the hair
Keratin
hard protein material found in the epidermis, hair, and nails
Sodium
a highly soluble chemical element that is an alkaline substance used in the manufacturing of permanent wave lotions and chemical hair relaxers
What do relaxers do to the hair?
Increase the ph
new growth
New hair from the scalp that has not been chemically changed
End papers
Also known as end wraps; absorbent papers used to control the ends of the hair when wrapping and winding hair on perm rods.
Trichology
Scientific study of hair and its diseases
Release statement
A form affirming that your guest was advised of the potential risks that could result during the requested chemical service
Partial perm wrap
perming technique that provides curl or wave to small areas of the head, creating a natural blending of permed hair into previously permed or non-permed hair
sensization
An allergic reaction created by repeated exposure to a chemical or a substance.
Face shape
Facial form created by individual bone structure and hairline
Facial proportion
The relationship of facial features and shape to each other
Profile
An outline of an object when viewed from one side.
Straight profile
Neither convex nor concave; considered the ideal.
Concave profile
The chin and forehead align; the nose appears sunken, creating inward curvature
Convex profile
A receding chin, protruding nose and high hairline; creates strong outward curvature
Space
An area with friends or surrounding a hair design
Curved line
Creates movement, softness and/or waves; a continuously bending line without angles
Form
A combination of lines that outline a shape
Proportion
Is the Direct correlation of size, distance, amount and the ratio between individual characteristics when compared with the whole
Symmetry
A mirror image from a center point
Asymmetry
lack of symmetry
Emphasis
Also known as the focal point of a hair design, is the point or the area that the eye is drawn to at first glance
Rhythm
A repeated pattern in a design
Harmony
A pleasing arrangement of shapes and lines that incorporates all elements of design
Wet styling
Designing wet hair into a specific shape
Shaping
Also known as molding, is combing a section of the hair in a circular movement over the surface of the head for the formation of waves or curls
Base
The section of hair that is attached to the scalp
Stem
The section of hair between the base and the first turn of the roller/curl
No stem curl
The curl is secured directly on its base; provides the least amount of movement but the greatest amount of curl
Half stem curl
Curl placed half off the base; permits medium movement/curl and gives good control to the hair.
Full stem curl
The curl is secured totally off its base; provides the maximum amount of movement but the least amount of curl
Curl
Also known as circle, the end of the hair strand that forms a complete circle for pin curls, roller setting, and or thermal setting
On-base
The curl sits completely on its base
Half off base
The curl/roller sits 1/2 off or 1/2 on its base
Off base
The curl sits totally off its base
Volume base
Creates lift, fullness or height in a design
Indentation base
Creates emptiness or flat areas in a design
Fingerwaves
'C' shapes placed into the hair in alternating directions using the fingers and a comb
Pushwaves
also known as Scrunchwaves, are a form of fingerwaves using two combs instead of the fingers to lift the wave up from the head and create a three-dimensional form
Skip wave
Wave pattern that combines fingerwaves and flat pincurls
Ribboning
Involves forcing the hair between the thumb and back of the comb to create tension
Cascade curl
Also known as Stand-Up Pincurl, are small sections of hair where the stem and base are raised from the scalp with the ends turning under, creating mass or fullness known as volume
Barrel curl
normally consists of a rectangular-shaped base used in place of a wet roller application or to support a dry design prior to finishing the style; achieves the same results as a cascade curl but in a larger movement.
Sculpture curls
Also known as Carved Curls, are sculpted by hand, iron or roller, to create texture and/or movement for a style
Ridge curls
flat pin curls following the finger wave's ridge, producing a strong wave pattern in a finished design; alternating rows of ridge curls create what is known as a skip wave.
Hair pressing
Also known as thermal hair straightening, is a method of temporarily straightening curly or uncontrollable hair by means of a heated iron or comb
Soft press
technique of pressing the hair to remove 50 to 60 percent of the curl by applying the thermal pressing comb once on each side of the hair
Medium press
Technique that removes 60 to 75 percent of the curl by applying a thermal pressing comb once on each side of the hair, using slightly more pressure than in the soft press.
Hard press
A hair straightening technique that removes all of the curl by using a thermal pressing comb twice on each side of the hair shaft
Back combing
Also known as cushioning, interlocking, lacing, matting and ratting, is a technique that uses the comb to create a cushion at the base of the scalp, giving height and volume to a design
Back brushing
Also known as ruffing is a technique using a brush that is done on the surface of the hair to achieve a light airy appearance that expands the hair while providing support and structure to the design
Polishing
Provides the support, texture and movement of final design
Locks
also known as Dread locks, form of Natural Hairstyling where hair has grown and intertwined over time; hair is twisted or formed to wrap around itself, creating a rope-like effect.
Hair additions
Natural or synthetic hair attached to the base/scalp area to add length, volume and/or color
Wig
Artificial covering for the head consisting of a network of interwoven hair.
hair piece
Small wig or various hair attachments used to cover smaller sections of the head, primarily on the top or crown of the head
Bonding
Also known as fusion, method of attaching hair with an adhesive agent
Predisposition test
Also known as a Patch Test, is applying a small amount of product on the skin to check for sensitivity and/or an allergic reaction to a product/chemical
Processing test strand
Also known as periodic strand test; determines if the haircolor is absorbing and processing evenly
Color wheel
A support tool for the law of color to visually show how all colors are created
Law of color
System for understanding color relationships.
Primary colors
red, yellow, blue
Secondary colors
Created by mixing two primary colors in equal proportions
tertiary colors
Created by mixing a primary color with a neighboring secondary color
Complementary colors
Created by mixing a primary and a secondary color that are located opposite of each other on the color wheel
Tone
Also known as hue; the balance of color.
Undertone
Also known as Contributing Pigment, is the warm or cool tone seen within the predominant haircolor
Intesity
The strength of the colors appearance
coretx
The middle layer of hair, made up of elongated cells containing melanin and keratin
Medulla
Innermost layer of the hair
Melanin
The coloring matter that provides us with the natural color of our hair and skin; also known as pigment
Eumelanin
Produces brown to black pigments in the hair
Pheomelanin
Produces yellow to red pigments in the hair
Level
The degree of lightness or darkness of a color
Level system
System that colorists use to determine the lightness or darkness of a hair color.
Canities
Technical term for gray hair
Organic chemistry
The study of living or previously living organisms containing carbon
Inorganic chemistry
The study of not living or never living organisms that do not contain carbon
Matter
a substance that has mass and occupies space
Element
the simplest form of matter that has a unique set of properties
Atom
Smallest particle of an element
Proton
particle with a positive charge
Neutron
Particles that have a neutral charge
Electron
particle with a negative charge
Ion/ ions
An atom or a group of atoms carrying an electric charge
Molecule
two or more atoms chemically bonded together
Compound molecules
Also known as compounds; a chemical combination of two or more atoms of different elements in definite (fixed) proportions.
Oxidation
The chemical reaction that occurs when oxygen is released from a substance; this reaction assists in the development of color on the hair
Combustion
Rapid oxidation of a substance, accompanied by the production of heat and light.
Pure substances
Definite chemical and physical properties
Solutions
Stable mixtures of two or more substances, which may be solids, liquids, gases or a combination of these
Solvent
A substance that is capable of dissolving another substance
Suspension
A mixture in which particles can be seen and easily separated by settling or filtration
Emulsion
The suspension of one liquid in a second liquid with which the first will not mix
Ammonia
A gas with a strong odor, made up of nitrogen and hydrogen
Alkanolamines
Used to neutralize acids or raise the pH. May be used in place of ammonia because they create less odor
Aniline derivatives
Small compounds, also known as uncolored dye precursors, found in permanent haircolor
Acid
Range from 0-6.9
Alkaline
having a pH from 7.1 - 14
Non-Oxidative Haircolor
Temporary colors; no chemical mixing or reaction takes place to produce these colors on the hair
Oxidative hair color
Chemical change, creates a chemical change in the hair therefore providing longer lasting hair color results. Types of these hair colors are permanent hair color and Demi-permanent hair color
Developer
Also known as Catalyst or Hydrogen Peroxide, oxidizing agent added to haircolor or lightener that assists in the development process; it is manufactured in various strengths, known as volumes or percentages
Decolorization
The technique of removing natural hair color or artificial hair color from the hair
Lightener
Also known as bleach or decolorizers, will lift permanently by diffusing, dissolving or decolorizing the natural or artificial pigment in the cortex
On the scalp lightener
Come in an oil, cream and some powder forms and are able to be used on the scalp
Off the scalp lightener
Also known as Quick Lighteners, come in a powder form and are not able to be used on the scalp
Toner
semi-permanent or demi-permanent haircolor product used on pre-lightened hair to neutralize unwanted pigment
Filler
Used to equalize porosity and replace missing pigment in one application
Concentrate
A product used to make another product more intense, vibrant, stronger, or purer
Drabber
A concentrate haircolor used to increase the ability of a haircolor to neutralize unwanted warmth of a color
Intensifier
A concentrated hair color that when added to another hair color, is used to deepen, brighten or create a more vivid look
Natural hair dye
Also known as vegetable hair dye, non-professional haircolor made from various plants; henna
Metallic dye
Also known as Gradual Dye, is a non-professional haircolor containing metals that after continuous use, build up on the hair (should not be used with any professional chemicals)
Demi permanent hair color
Deposits or adds color to existing color; however, it does not lighten the hair
Virgin hair color
first time the hair is colored
Single process hair color
A single application of hair color to either lighten the natural hair color or to deposit hair color to the hair strand
Double process hair color
A two-step technique involving lightening of the hair, followed by application of toner to achieve desired hair color
Glaze
the technique of applying demi-permanent or semi-permanent haircolor to hair to add shine and/or refresh color
semi-permanent hair color
a deposit-only haircolor that penetrates into the cuticle layer of the hair shaft
Line of Demarcation
A visible line or band between two different haircolors, artificial or natural
Temporary hair color
Type of hair color that coats the hair surface covering only the cuticle
Resistant hair
Cuticle scales are flat, causing minimal liquid absorption
Special effects
techniques used to create texture, as well as various dimensions of color
Dimensional hair color
Utilizing two or more hair colors and/or techniques to create depth, movement, and shape
Highlighting
Coloring some of the hair strands lighter than the natural color to add a variety of lighter shades and the illusion of depth.
Low lighting
The technique of coloring some hair strands darker than their natural hair color (typically a foiling technique)
Foiling technique
Involves weaving or slicing out specific strands of hair for depositing haircolor or lightening
Weaving
Is preformed by coloring alternating selected strands from a thin subsection of hair
Slicing
Hair coloring technique that isolates thin subsections of hair in a straight line pattern
Chemical
A substance used in, or produced by, the process of chemistry
dermatology
Study of skin, it's functions, structures, conditions, diseases/disorders and treatments
Cells
The basic unit of structure and function in all living things
Mitosis
Process in which human tissue cells reproduce by dividing in half, creating two daughter cells
Tissue
A group of similar cells that perform the same function.
Organs
Separate body structures composed of multiple tissues that each perform specific functions
skeletal system
Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints
Ethmoid bone
Spongy bone between both eye sockets that forms part of the nasal cavity
Muscular System
Contracts and moves various parts of the body and supports the skeletal system
Myology
Study of muscles
Origin
Place where a muscle attaches to a non-moving section of bone
Belly
The middle part of the muscle
Insertion
Portion of the muscle joined to bone to assist movement
striaded muscle
Also known as skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles are attached the bone and knowingly controlled
Non-striated muscle
Involuntary muscle that is smooth and not marked with lines
Efflourage
A massage technique that involves gliding stroking or circular movements
Pettrisage
The massage movement that involves various kneading, lifting, or grasping
Friction
Deep rubbing movement requiring pressure on the skin with the fingers or palm while moving them over an underlying structure.
Precussion
Also known as TAPOTEMENT, manage technique that involves short, light tapping or slapping
Vibration
Involves the use of tips of the fingers to produce a rapid shaking movement
Integomentary
body system that covers and protects the outside of an organisms body that is comprised of protective covering
Protection
Guarding against the skin's enemies, such as UV rays, extreme weather conditions, bacterial infections and injury
Heat regulation
Maintaining a body temperature of 98.6 Fahrenheit through the blood and excretion of perspiration
Absoprtion
Allows products to penetrate the skin to keep it supple and pliable
Secretion
When sebum, an oily substance, is delivered from the sebaceous glands to provide moisture and maintain skin's elasticity
Excretion
Accomplished when sweat glands disperse perspiration, this maintains a healthy temperature by cooling the body
Sensation
Nerve endings that are stimulated through touch, heat, cold, pressure, and pain receptors
Epidermis
Also known as basil layer, is the outer most layer of the skin containing many small nerve endings but no blood vessels
stratum corneum
the most superficial layer of the epidermis consisting of dead cells known as horny layer
Stratum locidum
Clear layer of epidermis just below the stratum corneum
stratum spinosum
Layer where the cells develop tiny spines that assist in binding all cells tightly together
stratum germinativum
the deepest live layer of the epidermis that produces new epidermal skin cells and is responsible for growth
Dermis
Inner layer of skin
papillary layer
outer layer of the dermis, directly beneath the epidermis
reticular layer
Deeper layer of the dermis that supplies the skin with oxygen and nutrients
subcutaneous tissue
Tissue, largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body.
Duct gland
Secretes waste from the body and deposits it on the skin's surface; located within the dermis
Sudariferous
Also known as sweat glands
sebaceous glands
Sac-like duct gland attached to the hair follicles that produce sebum
sebum (oil)
An oily substance that protects the surface of the skin and lubricates both the skin and hair
Albinism
Rare, congenital skin disorder characterized by a total or partial lack of melanin in the body
leukoderma
white skin (white patches caused by depigmentation)
vitiligo
inherited skin disorder producing smooth, irregularly-shaped white patches, caused by the loss of pigment producing cells
Cholasama
Also known liver spots or moth patches are non elevated, hyper-pigmented, light to dark brown spots and scattered on hands, arms or face
Nevus
Birthmark on the skin, characterized by small or large irregularly-shaped marks or stains
Keratoma
also known as a callus or tyloma, is a thickened or hardened area of skin caused by friction, continual rubbing, or pressure over the same part of skin
verruca
wart
Mole
Small flat or raised pigmented spot on the surface of the skin, ranging in color from light to dark brown
Milia
Small, white, keratin-filled bumps or cysts that are enclosed within the epidermis with no visible opening; commonly found around the eyes, cheeks and/or forehead
Comedo
Skin lesion containing masses of sebum trapped in the hair follicle; two types of comedones are open comedones (blackheads) and closed comedones (whiteheads)
acne
Chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands
Rosacea
Chronic skin disorder of the face with red inflamed areas appearing mostly on the nose and cheeks
Bromhidrosis
Foul smelling perspiration
hyperhidrosis
excessive sweating
anhidrosis
lack of sweating
Miliaria rubra
Also known as prickly heat; an acute inflammatory disorder of the sweat glands, characterized by the eruption of small red vesicles and accompanied by burning, itching skin.
Dermititis
inflammation of the skin
Dermititis Venenata
Also known as contact dermatitis is an allergic reaction caused by skins sensitivity to the exposure or use of a certain product
eczema
Painful, itchy and non-contagious skin inflammation, which can have the appearance of either dry or moist lesions
Impetigo
bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture
Conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva (pink eye)
Lesion
Wound or mark on the skin
pustule
Inflamed, elevated pimple that contains pus
Macule
Areas of discoloration that appear on the skin surface; for example, freckles
Vesicle
small, membrane-bound sac filled with a clear liquid
Bulla
large blister
Wheal
small, round, raised area on the skin that may be accompanied by itching; usually seen in allergic reactions or hives
Excoriation
Occurs through the scraping or scratching of the epidermal layer or skin's surface; this can occur with an existing sore being scratched, irritating the existing injury
Basil Cell Carcinoma (BCC)
Most common and mildest form of skin cancer
squamous cell carcinoma
more serious that basal cell carcinoma, characterized by scaly red papules or nodules
malignant melanoma
Most serious form of skin cancer; often characterized by black or dark brown patches on the skin that may appear uneven in texture, jagged, or raised.
sanitation
The lowest level of decontamination that is a physical or chemical process of reducing the surface pathogens and dirt; it will aid in preventing the growth of germs but will not kill bacteria
antiseptic
Agent that prevents or reduces infection by eliminating or decreasing the growth of microorganisms; it can be applied safely to the skin to cleanse a superficial wound or assist in the removal of bacteria
Disenfection
A chemical process that uses specific products to destroy harmful organisms on environmental surfaces.
Bactericidal
Capable of destroying bacteria
Virucidal
Capable of destroying viruses
Fungicidal
Capable of destroying fungi
Tuberculosidal
Product that is able to kill the bacteria that causes tuberculosis
Pseudomonacidal
Able to kill the pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria
Sterilization
The process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores.
herpes simplex
Commonly known as a fever blister or a cold sore, is a contagious skin disorder associated with a viral infection
Human Inmunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Blood borne pathogen that weakens the immune system by destroying the white blood cells; HIV is the virus that can lead to aids
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
The final stagethe final stage of HIV virus
MRSA
Infection that is resistant to certain antibiotics; commonly found on the skin and starts as small, red bumps
Hepititis
A blood borne virus that causes disease and can damage the liver.
Alternating Current (AC)
Rapid or interrupted electrical current that switches direction, moving in one direction then changing to the opposite direction
direct current
Electric current that flows in only one direction
Conductor
Any material that conducts electricity
Volt
Unit for measuring the force or pressure of an electric current
Ohm
Unit for measuring the resistance of an electric current
Fuse
Designed to prevent an excessive amount of electrical current from passing through the circuit
hirsutism
excessive hair growth
Tesla high-frequency current
Also known as violet ray; thermal or heat-producing current with a high rate of oscillation or vibration that is commonly used for scalp and facial treatments.
Galvanic current
Constant and direct current set to a safe, low voltage level; chemical changes are produced when the current is passed through certain solutions containing acids and salts
Polarity
Property of having two opposites; a positive and negative pole of an electric current
Circulatory system
Comprised of the blood, blood vessels, and heart; responsible for moving blood and lymph throughout the body
Blood
Nourishing fluid that supplies nutrients and oxygen, carries away waste products, and protects the body from pathogenic bacteria
Platelet
Colorless particle located in the blood that is responsible for clotting
Artery
a thick-walled blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
Vein
thin-walled vessel that carries blood from body tissues and lungs back to the heart
Atrium
The thin walled chambers of the top half of the heart and are referred to as the right and or left atrium
Ventricle
Thick walled chamber on the bottom half of the heart and are referred to as the right and or left ventricle
Valves
Permits the blood to flow in one direction only, either into or out of the ventricles and/or atrium
Lymph
Clear, slightly yellow fluid that is located within the vessels and is filtered by the lymph nodes
common carotid arteries
Main arteries that supply blood to the head, face, and neck.
Neurology
study of the nervous system
Nervous system
Composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Regulates body activities by sending and receiving messages.
Motor nerve
Nerve that carries messages to the brain and/or spinal cord to produce movement
Sensory nerve
Nerve that carries messages to the brain and/or spinal cord to recognize touch, cold, heat, sight, hearing, taste, smell, pain and pressure
Digestive system
Comprised of the stomach, intestines, mouth, and several glands that digest food and break it down into nutrients
endocrine system
Comprised of specialized, ductless glands that regulate hormone production
Excretory system
Comprised of the kidneys, liver, skin, large intestine and lungs that eliminate waste from the body
Lymphatic/Immune System
Main function is to protect the body from disease by developing immunities
reporudctive system
Comprised of the organs necessary to reproduce
Respiratory system
Comprised of the oranges that help to process air
Systemic disease
Often due to over-functioning or under-functioning internal glands or organs
Infection
The invasion of body tissues by disease-causing pathogens.
Virus
A submicroscopic, parasitic particle that causes disease
Immunity
the body's ability to destroy pathogens before they can cause disease
Contamination
The presence of unclean materials or tools left on a surface
Decontamination
The removal of any infectious materials on tools or surfaces by following all sanitation and disinfection guidelines
Decontamination method 1
Clean tolls with warm soapy water, be sure to remove visible debris, next emerge tools in EPA registered disinfectant. Always follow manufacture directions for proper contact time in mixing ratio; contact time is the amount of time the disinfectant must stay moist on a surface in order for it to be effective
Decontamination method 2
Clean tools of warm soapy water be sure to remove visible debris, next place tools in a high-pressure steam unit called an auto clave. Sterilization will destroy all microbial life including spores
Allergy
An immune response or reaction to substances that are usually not harmful
Exposure incident
When you come in contact with broken skin, body fluid, blood or any other potentially infectious items while at work
Standard Precautions
A set of guidelines published by centers for disease control (CDC) that require an employer and employee to assume That all human blood and body fluids are blood-borne pathogens
Ergonomics
The applied science concerned with designing and arrangeing things that people use so both interact most efficiently and safely
Contagious/communicable
Means that infections or diseases can be transferred from one person to another by contact
Disease
Bacterial invasion of the body that disrupts a normal function of health
Disorder
Any abnormality of bodily function; services can be performed a special product recommendations
Bacteria
one-celled microscopic organisms
Non-pathogenic
Bacteria that are not harmful
pathogenic
Bacteria that are harmful and cause disease
Bloodborne pathogens
infectious pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood or bodily fluids and can cause disease in humans; these pathogens include, but are not limited to, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
peiculosis capitis
Condition caused by the infestation of the hair and scalp caused by the parasitic insect head louse (LICE)
Scabies
contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite
Cocci
Circular shaped bacteria that produce pus and can cause strep throat and blood poisoning
Staphylococci
Bacterial cells which form in clusters, like grapes, are pus forming causing abscesses, pustules and boils
furnucnle
Boil or abscess of the skin located in the hair follicle
Carbuncle
A localized infection caused by staphylococci bacteria; similar to a furuncle but larger
Diplococci
Grows in pairs, are spherical-shaped, and causes Pneumonia
Streptococci
Bacterial cells are growing curve line shape of the chains and causes abscesses, pustules, and boils.
Bacillli
Rod shaped, spore producing bacteria
Spirilla
A spiral shaped or curved bactera
Trichology
Scientific study of hair and its diseases and care.
Cuticle
the tough outer covering of a hair composed of overlapping scales
hair follicle
The tube-like depression or pocket in the skin or scalp that contains the hair root.
Hair bulb
The rounded club shaped part of hair located at the end of the hair root
dermal papillae
A small, cone-shaped elevation at the base of the hair follicle filled with blood vessels.
arrector pili muscle
Causes hair to stand on end and goose bumps to appear
kertinization
The process of converting living cells into hard proteins
Keratin
a strong, structural protein found in skin, hair, nails.
Anagen
The period of active growth
Catagen
The period of break down and change of hair growth
Telegon
resting phase of hair growth
Lanugo hair
also known as Vellus Hair, is the soft, white and downy hair found on the body; usually lacking a medulla
Terminal hair
Pigmented hair on the body
pityriasis
dandruff
Pityriasis steatoides
Severe case of dandruff characterized by an accumulation of greasy or waxy scales mixed with sebum, that stick to the scalp in crusts.
Trichoptilosis
Technical term for split ends
fragilitas crinium
technical term for brittle hair
Trichorrhexis nodosa
Technical term for knotted hair; it is characterized by brittleness and the formation of nodular swellings along the hair shaft.
Monilethrix
Technical term for beaded hair
Surfactant
A surface active agent or wetting agent that has the ability to dissolve in water and remove dirt from surfaces, such as hair; the ingredient in shampoo that causes lather
Growth pattern
Direction in which the hair grows from the scalp; also referred to as natural fall or natural falling position.
Whorl
Circular growth pattern; use special considerations when cutting
cowlick
Tuft of hair that stands straight up
Hair stream
Hair growing in the same direction; creates a natural part
Natural distribution
The direction in which the hair moves or falls on the head
Texture
The diameter of an individual hair strand
Coarse texture
Hair has a large diameter and feels thick
Medium texture
Hair has an average width and thickness
Fine texture
Hair as a small diameter and feels thin
diamater
The thickness of a hair strand
Density
The number of hair strands per square inch on the scalp
Alopeica
Abnormal hair loss
alopecia areata
Patchy loss of hair occurring on the scalp or other parts of the body
Alopeica totalis
total loss of scalp hair
Traction alopecia
Hair loss through repetitive and excessive pulling or stretching of the hair
androgenic alopecia
Male or female pattern baldness
Telogen effluvium
Premature or sudden hair loss
postpartum alopecia
baldness experienced by women after a pregnancy
Fungi
members of a large group of organisms that include microorganisms, such as yeasts, molds, and mildews
Tinea
ringworm
tinea barbae
Also known as barber's itch; a superficial fungal infection that commonly affects the skin. It is primarily limited to the bearded areas of the face and neck or around the scalp.
tinea captitis
A fungal infection of the scalp characterized by red papules, or spots, at the opening of the hair follicles.
Tinea favosa
honeycomb ringworm; dry, sulfur-yellow, cup-like crusts on the scalp; has distinctive odor
Cranium
Covers the top and sides of the head and consists of six bones
parietal bone
two bones, one on each side of the head, that form the entire crown and top sides
occipital bone (skull)
The bone that covers the back of the head and sits directly above the nape
Temporal bone
bone that forms parts of the side of the skull and floor of the cranial activity. There is a right and left temporal bone.
Frontal bone
bone that forms the forehead
Epicranius
The broad muscle that covers the top of the skull consists of the occipitalis and frontalis.
Occipitalis
The muscle located in the nape of the neck that draws the scalp back
epocranial aponeurosis
A tendon that connects the occipitals and frontalis
Frontalis
The muscle that encompasses the forehead and extends into the beginning curve of the scalp
Temporalis
the temple muscle located above and in front of the ear that helps in opening and closing the mouth, as in chewing
Platisma
The muscle that extends from the tip of the chin from the shoulder and lowers the jaw and lip
sternocleidomastoideus
Long muscle that stretches from the back of the ear, along the side of the neck to the collar bone
Trapizius
Flat triangle muscles that run from the upper back to the back of the neck
Palm to palm
a haircutting technique that positions the palms of your hands facing each other; using the palm-to-palm position when cutting prevents the hair from being lifted up off your hand and the hair from being pushed out the front of the shears
Section/sectioning
Dividing areas of hair that can be managed and controlled
Apex
the highest point of the head
Interior
Inner or internal part
parietal ridge
largest curve of the head; it separates the interior of the head from the exterior of the head
Exterior
The outer or external part
Nape
The section of the head from the occipital bone to the hairline
Lines of hair cutting
Also known as the edge or division of a shape. The basic lines used in hair cutting are straight and curved. There are three types of straight lines : horizontal, vertical, and diagonal. Each line represents various movement and design options.
Vertical lines
Lines that are straight up and down; create length and height in hair design.
Horizontal line
Lines that are parallel to to the horizon line or floor
Diagonal lines
A slanting line between horizontal and vertical lines
Weight lines
Concentration of hair within an area that gives the appearance of heaviness and density
parallel lines
lines in the same plane that never intersect and have the same slope
Disconnected lines
Not connected; independent lines that normally do not blend; having a defined break in the design
Angle
the space (usually measured in degrees) between two intersecting lines or surfaces at or close to the point where they meet.
Guideline
The first section of hair that is cut to serve as a guide to determine the length and/or shape
Stationary guideline
A fixed guideline that does not move
traveling guideline
guideline that moves as the haircutting progresses, used often when creating layers or graduation
Interior guidelines
a guide that is inside the haircut, not around the hairline or perimeter; this will create less weight and more softness to the perimeter
Shifted distribution
Over-directed, directing the hair out of its natural fall
Elevation
is the degree or angle by which the hair is lifted and combed in relation to the head
0" blunt hair cut
No elevation cut also known as one length, bob, or solid form hair cut
Tension
Application of pressure applied while combing and holding the hair prior to cutting
45" graduated hair cut
Medium elevation cuts also known as wedge or graduated
Cross checking
parting the haircut in the opposite way from which you cut it in order to check for precision of line and shape
180" long layered haircut
A hair cut with increased long layers
90" uniform haircut
A uniform elevation cut at 90" that provides movement
Combination haircut
A haircut using two or more degrees
Texturizing
Techniques that help to blend lines or remove excess bulk without changing the shape of the cut
Point cutting
the texturizing technique using the tips of the shears to cut into the ends of the hair to create multiple lengths that will blend within the hair ends
Notch cutting
a texturizing technique similar to point cutting but the cutting is done toward the ends rather than into them, creating a chunking effect
Chunking
A texturizing technique that removes larger sections of hair; chunking creates movement in a perimeter design line by breaking up the weighted line
Slithering
also known as Slicing, is a texturizing technique using a sliding movement down the hairshaft; used to remove bulk and add mobility within the haircut or for blending and framing areas around the face
Carving
Haircutting technique done by placing the still blade into the hair and resting it on the scalp, and then moving the shears through the hair while opening and partially closing the shears.
Beveling
Haircutting technique that creates curved lines by cutting ends with a slight increase or decrease in length
Tapering
also known as Fading, is a cutting technique that blends hair from a shorter length at the perimeter to a longer length as moved up the head
Edging
also known as Outlining or Etching, is the technique of cutting around the hairline to create a clean line or a design within a haircut
Cosmetology laws are also called
Act 86/ may 3rd 1933/ P.L 242
Booth rental in PA is...
Is prohibited
How old you must be to take state board test
16 and have a 10th grade education
How long a school must keep records on file
7 years
this license is considered a limited license
Nail tech
The hours required to take a teachers exam
500
Educational requirements are waved for...
35 years old or older and or a veteran
The requirements for an apprenticeship
2,000 hours, 25 hours per week, 2 years
Where your license should be displayed
In a conspicuous place
How often your license renewed
Every 2 years
A salon hires 2 new stylist, how many towels do they need?
36
A school must hire at least how many full time teachers?
1
Adding an additional stylist in a salon requires how many square feet
60
School must send in a _____ report of hours to the state board
Quarterly
A student must complete how many hours before working on the salon floor
300
To open a school you need how many square feet
2,750
A salon and a barber shop are side by side, can they combine and work together in the same space
Yes
What month do license's expire
January
How many students are there to an educator in a class
25
to take the teacher exam you must have a ____ grade education
12th
To take the teachers exams you must attend school for at least...
4 months
How many hours do you need to take the manicurist exams
200
Hours needed for hair braided license
300
Hours needed for esthetician license
300
If you allow your license to expire a fee of ___ dollars will be charged each month
25
How long can you place your license in escrow
5 years
How many hours must a student attend to take the state board exam
900
In a salon with one stylist you must have at least ____ square feet
180
Each salon station must have ___ combs and ___ brushes
12, 12
If you can play school without testing you can apply for a temporary license that is valid for ____ months
9
Can you apply for a temporary license after it expires
No
If a school wishes to be accredited they must be open for ___ years
5
How often should Barbicide be changed
Daily
A level that is NOT considered decontamination
Immunization
When using containers holding creams or semi solid substances always use a....
Spatula
Manicure
Cosmetic service for care of the hands, which includes skin and nail care, cosmetic treatments and procedures, polishing techniques and artificial nail applications
Onyx
Technical term for nails
Nail plate
translucent portion of the nail, extending from the nail root to the free edge; sometimes referred to as the nail body.
free edge
part of the nail plate that extends over the tip of the finger or toe
Hyponychium
Skin between the free edge and fingertip of the natural nail
nail bed
Portion of the skin that the nail plate rests upon as it grows out
Bed epithelium
Thin layer of skin cells between the nail bed and the nail plate
Cuticle (nail)
The small portion of non-living epidermis extending around the base of the nail
lunula
whitish, half-moon shape at the base of the nail
Matrix
Part of the nail bed that extends below the nail root and helps to produce the nail plate
Nail folds
Folds of normal skin that surround the natural nail plate
Nail sidewall
Also known as the lateral nail fold, is the piece of skin that overlaps onto the side of the nail
Nail grooves
Slits or grooves on the sides of the nail that allow growth
Eponychium
Living skin at the base of the nail plate that partially overlaps the lunula
Perionychium
Additional or excessive skin that overlaps onto the sides of the nail plate
Agnail
hangnail
Bruised nail
Dark purplish discoloration under the nail caused by trauma
Eggshell nails
Noticeably thin, white nail plates that are more flexible than normal and can curve over the free edge.
Leukonychia
Also known as white spots, whitish discoloration of the nails caused by injury
Melanoychia
Darkening of the nails caused by excess melanin; may be in a band or stripe
Nail psoriasis
A noninfectious condition that affects the surface of the natural nail plate causing tiny pits or severe roughness on the surface of the nail plate.
Nail pterygium
Forward growth of living skin that adheres to the surface of the nail plate
onychocryptosis
ingrown nail
Onychophagy
Bitten nails
Onychorexis
Split or brittle nails
ridge
Also known as furrow or corrugation, is a vertical or horizontal indentation running the length or width of the nail plate
Onychosis
General term for any nail disease or deformity
onychomycosis
fungal infection of the nail
tinea pedis
athlete's foot
onychia
Inflammation of the nail matrix
Onycholysis
Loosening or separation of the nail
Paraonychia
Bacterial inflammation of the tissues surrounding the nail causing pus, swelling, and redness, usually in the skin fold adjacent to the nail plate.
Lungs
Spongy, respiratory organs responsible for inhaling and exhaling
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Also known as Quats, is a standard name for disinfectants
Alcohol
Extremely flammable, colorless liquid that evaporates quickly
Sodium hypochlorite
Common household bleach; an effective disinfectant for the salon.
Phenol
Strong, high pH disinfectant
Accelerated hydrogen peroxide
Disinfectant based on a stabilized hydrogen peroxide that is non-toxic to the skin and environment; this type of disinfectant only needs to be changed every 14 days
Humerus
Largest bone in the upper arm, extending from the shoulder to the elbow
Ulna
Inner and larger bone of the forearm, attached to the wrist and located on the side of the little finger.
Radius
Outer and smaller bone on the inside of the forearm; located on the thumb side
Carpals
Eight bones that form the wrist
Metacarpals
Five long, thin bones that form the palm of the hand
Phalanges (Digits)
fingers, toes
Pronator muscles
...
Supinator muscle
Turns the forearm and hand outward so the palm faces upward
flexor muscle
Bends a joint
Extensor muscles
Aid in the straightening of a joint
Abductor muscles
Spread the fingers or toes
adductor muscles
Pulls the fingers or toes together
Opponens
Group of adductor muscles located in the palm that pulls the thumb toward the fingers
Microtrauma
Causing small unseen openings in the skin that allow for the entry of pathogens
Metal pushers
Used to gently scrape the cuticle from the natural nail; they are made of stainless steel and can be disinfected and reused
Reflexology
Based on the use of reflex points located throughout the hands, feet, and head that are linked to other parts of the body
Femur
thigh bone
Patella
kneecap
Tibia
Also known as shin
Fibula
The lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg
Tarsal
7 bones that form the ankle
Metatarsals
5 long slender bones of the foot.
Gastrocnemius
Muscle located in the calf that pulls the foot down; attached to the lower portion of the heel
tibilais anterior
Muscle that covers the shin and bends the foot
Soleus
Muscle that is attached to the lower heel and bends the foot down
Perneous Longus
Longer of the two muscles, responsible for turning the foot down and out
Peroneus Brevis
Shorter of the two muscles responsible for rotating the foot down and out
tibilais posterior
Muscle the helps flex the foot inward
Flexor Digiti Minimi
Muscle that moves/controls the little toe.
Pedicure
a foot treatment that could include soaking the feet and polishing the toenails
Nail rasp
To smooth and file the free edge
Wooden pusher
Used to gently remove cuticle tissue away from the nail plate and clean under the free edge; made from orangewood, rosewood or other hardwoods; disposable alternatives for pushing back cuticles
Digital nerve
Nerves located in the fingers and toes
Median nerve
Smallest of the three arm and hand nerves; runs along the mid forearm and extends into the hands
Radial nerve
Nerve that runs along the thumb side of the arm and the back of the hand
ulnar nerve
Nerve that runs along the little finger side of the arm and the palm of the hand
Radial artery
Supplies blood to the thumb side of the arm and the back of the hand
ulnar artery
Supplies blood to the little finger side of the arm and the palm of the hand
Methyl Methacrylate (MMA)
Type of monomer that is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid compound. MMA polymerizes readily and is used especially as a monomer for acrylic resin. It has a small molecule size and can penetrate body tissue or skin and possibly cause an allergic reaction
Polymer
A concentrate or powder made up of acrylic powder that when mixed with a monomer forms a nail enhancement
Initiators
Found in polymer powder; when activated by a catalyst, will spring into action and cause monomer molecules to permanently link together into long polymer chains.
Inhibition layer
The tacky, film like layer that forms on the top of the nail enhancement
Polymerization
a chemical process that combines several monomers to form a polymer or polymeric compound
Fiber wraps
Very thin and tightly woven material such as linen, silk, or fiberlgass
Cyanoacrylate
A specialized acrylic monomer that has excellent adhesion to the natural nail plate and polymerizes in seconds
Nail wrap resin
Used to adhere the fabric wrap to the natural nail or nail tip
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
A high-quality virgin plastic, used to manufacture nail tips
Position stop
The point where the free edge of the natural nail meets the tip.
Stress area
Where the natural nail grows beyond the finger and becomes the free edge
Primer
Liquid solution, containing methacrylic acid that is applied sparingly to the natural nail plate prior to acrylic product application to assist in adhesion of the enhancement
Overlay
A layer of any kind of nail enhancement product that is applied over the natural nail or nail and tip application for added strength.
Oligomers
short polymer chains that consist of just a few monomers, creating a thickened resin or a 'gel-like' substance
Urethane acrylate
Main ingredient used to create UV gel nail enhancements
Photo initiators
The chemical that begins the polymerization process in gel nails
Urethane methacrylate
Main ingredient used to create UV gel nail enhancements