Gross anatomy
Structures that can be examined without a microscope
Regional
studied area by area
Systemic
studied system by system
Surface
external form and relation to deeper structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging
Cytology
microscopic study of cells
Histology
microscopic study of tissues
Anatomical anomaly
physical characteristics that differ from the normal pattern
Cell physiology
examines the processes occurring in cells
Systemic Physiology
functions of an organ system
Neurophysiology
focuses on the nervous system
Cardiovascular Physiology
examines the functions of the heart and blood vessels
Structural Organization of the Human Body
Chemical level, Cell level, Tissue level, Organ level, Organ system level, and Organism level
Chemical Level
interaction of atoms
Cell level
structural and functional unit of living organisms
Tissue level
groups of similar cells and materials
Organ level
one or more tissues functioning together
Organ system level
groups of organs functioning together
Organism level
Any living thing
Integumentary System
Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D. Consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands.
Skeletal System
Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fat. Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints.
Muscular System
Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons.
Lymphatic System
Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from the digestive tract. Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs.
Respiratory System
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH. Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages.
Digestive System
Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs.
Nervous System
A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions. Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.
Endocrine System
A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions. Consists of glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones.
Cardiovascular System
Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature. Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Urinary System
Removes waste products from blood pH, ion balance, and maintains water balance within bodyConsists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine
Female Reproductive System
Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors. Consists of the ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands, and associated structures.
Male Reproductive System
Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviorsConsists of the testes, accessory organs, ducts, and penis.
characteristics of life
organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development, reproduction
Organization
The body works as a whole
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism
Responsiveness
Adapting to or changing to the environment
Growth
increase in size and/or number of cells
Development
changes in an organism over time
Morphogenesis
The development of the tissue and organ shape
Differentiation
Development from general to specific
Reproduction
new cells or new organisms
Homeostasis
process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
Set point
the ideal normal value of a variable
Negative feedback
Counteracts a change in a variable to help maintain homeostasis
Positive feedback
When a deviation occurs the response is to make the deviation greater
Superior (Cephalic)
Towards the head, or above another structure. Example: The adrenal glands are superior to the kidneys
Inferior (Caudal)
Lower on the body, farther from the head
Medial
Toward the midline of the body
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
Proximal
Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Distal
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Superficial
near the surface
deep
Away from the body surface; more internal
Anterior (Ventral)
toward the front
Posterior (dorsal)
toward the back
Planes through the body
sagittal, frontal (coronal), transverse (horizontal), oblique
Saggitall
divides body into left and right
Median
A saggitall plane down the midline of the body
Frontal (Coronal)
Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections
Transverse
divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Oblique
Any plane other than at a right angle
Planes through an organ
longitudinal, transverse (cross), oblique
longitudinal
cut along the length of an organ
Transverse (cross)
cut at right angle to length of the organ
Prone Postion
lying face down
Supine position
lying face up
Anatomical position
Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward\
Anatomy
The study of body structure
Physiology
The study of body function
Pathology
study of disease
-ology
study of
Serous membranes
Line body cavities that lack openings to the outside
parietal
pertaining to the wall of a cavity
visceral
pertaining to the internal organs
peritoneal
pertaining to the peritoneum; lining of the abdominal cavity
retroperitoneal
pertaining to behind the peritoneum