biology
study of life, many levels
anatomy
study of the structure of the body
physiology
study of the function of the different body parts
movment
characteristic of life, can be both internal and external
responsiveness
characteristic of life, ability to react to internal and external stimuli in the environment
growth
characteristic of life, increase in the size of the organism (number of cells)
reproduction
characteristic of life, creation of new cells (cell level) or offspring (organism level)
respiration
characteristic of life, bringing oxygen into the body for chemical reactions to help in energy production and releasing carbon dioxide
digestion
characteristic of life, changing food into forms that can be used by cells
absorption and excretion
characteristic of life, passage of nutrients into blood and on to cells and elimination of wastes from the body
circulation
characteristic of life, movement of body fluids through blood and lymph vessels
metabolism
characteristic of life, the sum of all of the chemical reactions that take place in the body
adaptation and instinct
characteristic of life, ability to change a situation in order to survive, organisms must be able to adapt to survive
water
need of an organism, needed to carry on our metabolism. used to build (by removing) or to break (by adding)
food
need of an organism, needed to supply raw materials for energy production (aerobic and anaerobic) and "building" of the organism (anabolism)
oxygen
need of an organism, used in "releasing" energy from food
heat
need of an organism, used by body to provide thermal (kinetic) energy to allow chemical reactions to proceed inside a cell, also use enzymes to reduce amount of energy needed for reactions to occur in our body
movement (pressure in the body)
need of an organism, needed for breathing; also must be able to generate "internal" pressure to move substances through body; ex. heart
atoms
least complex; smallest whole unit of complexity
molecules
collection of atoms bonded together
organelles
collections of molecules in a cell that have a specific function
cells
composed of organelles: smallest/basic unit of life
tissues
collections of similar cells working together
organs
several tissues together that have a specific function
organ systems
collections of organs; i.e. digestive systmes
organism
most complex; collection of organ systems
superior
towards the head
inferior
towards the feet
anterior (ventral)
towards the front
posterior (dorsal)
towards the back
medial
towards the middle
lateral
towards the side (away from midline)
superficial
towards the surface
deep
away from surface
proximal
closer to point of origin
distal
further from the point of origin
sagittal (midsagittal) plane
body plane; a cut that divides a body or organ into right and left sections (side to side)
frontal (coronal)
body plane; a cut that divides a body or organ into anterior and posterior sections
transverse (cross)
body plane; a cut that divides a body or organ into superior and inferior sections
visceral
relating to the internal organs
parietal
pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity
dorsal body cavity
contains cranial cavity: brain & vertebral (spinal) cavity: spinal cord
ventral body cavity
contains thoracic cavity, mediastinum, diaphragm, abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity
thoracic cavity
contains the lungs in a small "sub-cavity" called the pleural cavity; this is a "sub-cavity" possesses a visceral and a parietal layer called the pleura
mediastinum cavity
mid portion of thoracic cavity; contains the heart and has a visceral and parietal layer called the pericardium
diaphragm
divides thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity
abdominal cavity (peritoneal cavity)
contains the stomach, liver, spleen, small & large intestines, gall bladder, kidneys, portion of pancreas, and appendix; has a visceral and parietal covering called the peritoneum
pelvic cavity
contains the urinary bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs in females and glands in males
integumentary system organs
skin, hair, sweat glands, nails
integumentary system
protects against environmental hazards, helps regulate body temperature, provides sensory information
skeletal system organs
bones, cartilages, associated ligaments, bone marrow
skeletal system
provides support and protection for other tissues, stores calcium and other minerals, forms blood cells
muscular system organs
skeletal muscles and associated tendons
muscular system
provides movement, provides protection and support for other tissues, generates heat that maintains body temperature
nervous system organs
brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs
nervous system
directs immediate responses to stimuli, coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems, and provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions
endocrine system organs
pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads
endocrine system
directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems, adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body, controls many structural and functional changes during development
cardiovascular system organs
heart, blood, blood vessels
cardiovascular system
distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide; distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature
lymphatic system organs
spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils
lymphatic system
defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluids to the blood stream
respiratory system organs
nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli
respiratory system
delivers air to alveoli, provides oxygen to bloodstream, removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream, produces sounds for communication
digestive system organs
teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
digestive system
processes and digests food, absorbs and conserves water, absorbs nutrients, stores energy reserves
urinary system organs
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
urinary system
excretes waste products from the blood, controls water balance by regulating volume of urine prior to voluntary elimination, regulates blood ion concentrations and pH
male reproductive system organs
testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, scrotum
male reproductive system
produces male sex cells (sperm), suspending fluids, and hormones, sexual intercourse
female reproductive system organs
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands
female reproductive system
produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones, supports developing embryo from conception to delivery, provides milk to nourish newborn infant, sexual intercourse
homeostasis
-"steady state"-an organism must be able to adapt to change in the external environment without producing a large internal change-ability to maintain a relatively stable/constant internal environment between a narrow set of parameters (will never remain perfectly constant)-occurs through negative feedback loop
1. stimulus2. receptor- sends message by a pathway called afferent pathway3. control center - sends message back by a pathway called efferent4. effector5. returns to homeostasis
Negative feedback loop steps
phasic receptors
show adaptation/acclimatization meaning they get "used" to the stimulus ex. getting in pool
tonic receptors
show no adaptation/acclimatization meaning they don't easily get "used" to the stimulus ex. migraine
positive feedback loop
body produces a response to a stimulus that amplifies/increases the original stimulus ex. childbirth and blood clotting
chemical reactions
when atoms from different molecules change places
synthesis (anabolic) reaction
A + B --> AB
decomposition (catabolic) reaction
AB --> A + B
1. oxygen2. carbon3. hydrogen4. nitrogen
four most important elements in the body
oxygen
-most common element in body my mass-found in water & respiratory gasses
carbon
-element found in all organic molecules
hydrogen
-most common element in body by number-found in water and most compounds in the body
nitrogen
-element found in proteins, nucleic acids, and other organic compounds
acids
compounds releasing hydrogen ions (H+) in water
basics
compounds releasing hydroxide ions (OH-) in water
pH scale
measures the H+ and the OH- concentration of acids and bases
neutral solutions
solutions with equal H+ and OH-
acid solutions
solutions with more H+ than OH-
basic solutions
solutions with less H+ than OH-
H+
going from 7 to 0 on pH scale increases what
OH-
going from 7 to 14 on pH scale increasing what
an acidic solution & low pH
a high H+ and a low OH- is
a basic solution & high pH
a low H+ and a high OH- is
carbon
what do inorganic compounds lack
water (chemical constituent)
-needed for metabolism
oxygen (chemical constituent)
-needed for metabolism-allows us to "burn" glucose & fats to produce energy by 2 ways-aerobic & anaerobic
aerobic
energy production using oxygen
anaerobic
energy production not using oxygen
carbon dioxide (chemical constituent)
waste product produced by cells as a result of energy production