Biology Module 1 Chapter 4

hydroxyl group

-organic compounds with OH = alcohols-names typically end in -ol-ethanol-Makes substances a liquid

carbonyl group

-C=O-O double bonded to C-if C=O at end molecule = aldehyde-if C=O in middle of molecule = ketone

carboxyl group

-COOH-C double bonded to O & single bonded to OH group-compounds with COOH = acids-fatty acids-amino acids

amino group

-NH2-N attached to 2 H-compounds with NH2 = amines-amino acids-NH2 acts as base-ammonia picks up H+ from solution-makes more basic-amino acids make proteins

sulfhydryl group

-SH-S bonded to H-compounds with SH = thiols-SH groups stabilize the structure of proteins

phosphate group

-PO4-P bound to 4 O-connects to C through an O-lots of O = lots of negative charge-highly reactive-transfers energy between organic molecules-ATP, GTP, etc.

Cohesion

the sticking together of particles of the same substance.

Adhesion

An attraction between molecules of different substances

Surface tension

A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

temperature moderation

Property of water in which water molecules resist temperature change because of hydrogen bonding.

temperature moderation

Water absorbs heat from warmer air and releases stored heat to cooler air

evaporative cooling

The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state.

high specific heat

A property of water. Water can absorb lots of heat before changing temperature

universal solvent

Water- due to its polarity and ability to dissolve many different solutes-aqueous solution

ice hydrogen bonds

are stable-ice floats not effecting life

liquid hydrogen bonds

break and reform

Hydrophobic

water fearing (non polar)lipids

Hydrophilic

attracted to water (polar)carbohydrates and salt

solution

A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another.(evenly distributed)

specific heat

heat is absorbed when hydrogen bonds break heat is released when hydrogen bonds form

water vapor

becomes less dense when it freezesice is a good insulator(holds temp)

Acid is

hydrogen ion

base is

hydroxide

7-14

basic

1-7

acidic

Dissociation

a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

Suspension

A mixture in which particles can be seen and easily separated by settling or filtration

PH for humans

7.35-7.45

water is a

neutralizer

human body creates

lactic acid

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Water is important because

-makes good insulator-resists temperature change-universal solvent-coolant-ice protects against temp. extremes

Acid rain

-Rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions -having a PH lower than 5.6-can damage ecosystems

buffers

mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH within a particular range

Blood is a buffer

It can release or gain a hydrogen when needed.

organic chemistry

the study of all chemicals containing carbon

isomers

Compounds with the same formula but different structures.

Thalidomide

A mild tranquilizer that, taken early in pregnancy, can produce a variety of malformations of the limbs, eyes, ears, and heart.

L version

active

d version

non active

water can interact with

proteins

lipdis allow you to

not dissolve

all life is built on

Carbon

Hydrocarbons

Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen

organic compounds with OH

alcohols